The C. elegans Notch receptor, GLP-1, is essential for germline proliferation and early embryonic development. While the cytosolic chaperone HSP-90 promotes GLP-1 signaling in the germline, it is unknown whether the endoplasmic reticulum-resident Hsp90, ENPL-1 (GRP94/endoplasmin), also promotes GLP-1 signaling. We used RNAi knockdown of enpl-1 in a sensitized glp-1(bn18) background to investigate potential genetic interactions. RNAi-mediated knockdown of enpl-1 did not enhance reduced GLP-1/Notch signaling, and it caused a similar degree of early larval arrest in both wildtype and glp-1(bn18) backgrounds. Thus, we did not detect a role for ENPL-1 in promoting GLP-1/Notch signaling.
","acknowledgements":"Some strains were provided by the CGC, which is funded by NIH Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (P40 OD010440).
","authors":[{"affiliations":["John Carroll University, University Heights, OH, US"],"departments":["Department of Biology"],"credit":["conceptualization","investigation","writing_originalDraft","project","supervision","visualization","writing_reviewEditing","dataCuration","methodology","resources","validation"],"email":"jlissemore@jcu.edu","firstName":"James L.","lastName":"Lissemore","submittingAuthor":true,"correspondingAuthor":true,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":"","orcid":"0000-0002-1418-2285"},{"affiliations":["John Carroll University, University Heights, OH 44118"],"departments":["Department of Biology"],"credit":["investigation","writing_reviewEditing"],"email":"apancake25@jcu.edu","firstName":"Amanda","lastName":"Pancake","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["John Carroll University, University Heights, OH, USA 44118"],"departments":["Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Data Science"],"credit":["formalAnalysis","visualization","writing_originalDraft","writing_reviewEditing"],"email":"rfang@jcu.edu","firstName":"Shurong","lastName":"Fang","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244"],"departments":["Department of Biology"],"credit":["conceptualization","writing_reviewEditing","methodology","resources"],"email":"emmaine@syr.edu","firstName":"Eleanor M.","lastName":"Maine","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":"","orcid":"0000-0002-6569-2701"}],"awards":[],"conflictsOfInterest":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.
","dataTable":{"url":null},"extendedData":[],"funding":"N/A
","image":{"url":"https://portal.micropublication.org/uploads/ef1135d9b79b2ade16f5a442e2d6bb2e.PNG"},"imageCaption":"A) Brood size, B) embryonic lethality, and C) larval arrest were determined for N2 wildtype and glp-1(bn18) hermaphrodites treated with gfp(RNAi) (negative control) and enpl-1(RNAi). Horizontal lines within box plots indicate median; upper and lower ends of boxes indicate upper and lower quartiles; whiskers extend to minimum and maximum values. gfp(RNAi) N2 (GFP N2), n=9; gfp(RNAi) glp-1(bn18) (GFP bn18), n=11; enpl-1(RNAi) N2 (enpl-1 N2), n=16; enpl-1(RNAi) glp-1(bn18) (enpl-1 bn18), n=10. * p<0.01; ** p<0.001; *** p<0.0001. D-G) Dissecting microscope images of 20X (left) and 60X (right) magnification of D) GFP N2, E) GFP bn18, F) enpl-1 N2, G) enpl-1 bn18 plates ~48 hours after removal of F1 parental hermaphrodite. For F) and G) 60X images, note that substantial numbers of arrested larvae had wandered off the lawn.
","imageTitle":"enpl-1 knockdown causes larval arrest and does not enhance glp-1(bn18) germline or embryonic phenotypes.
","methods":"Nematode strains and worm maintenance. Worms were maintained using standard methods as previously described (Lissemore, et al. 2018).
RNAi feeding experiments. RNAi was performed with modification of the feeding method (Timmons et al. 2001). Bacterial strains carrying plasmids expressing gfp dsRNA or enpl-1 dsRNA (for gfp(RNAi) and enpl-1(RNAi), respectively) were inoculated into LB-ampicillin for overnight growth at 37 °C with shaking. Twenty ul of bacterial culture was spotted onto 35 mm plates of NGM-Lite medium containing ampicillin (100 ug/ml) and IPTG (1 mM). Bacterial lawns were allowed to grow for at least 1 day at 15 °C before use. Seeded plates were stored at 15 °C and used within 10-11 days.
Feeding experiments used the following schedule (plates were incubated at 20 °C):
Day 1: Single L4 hermaphrodites (P0) were transferred to RNAi feeding plates
Day 2: Worms were replica plated to fresh RNAi feeding plates
Day 3: Parental worms were removed from plates
Day 5: L4 offspring (F1) were cloned out on fresh RNAi feeding plates to determine A) brood size, B) percent embryonic viability, and C) percent arrested larvae.
A) Brood sizes of F1 hermaphrodites were determined by manually counting the number of embryos and L1 worms present ~24 hours after the F1 parent was initially placed on a plate, which was shortly after the parent had been transferred to a fresh plate. F1 parents were transferred until they no longer produced embryos (typically 4-5 days).
B) Embryonic viability of F2 progeny was determined by manually counting the number of unhatched embryos on plates ~24 hours after transfer of the parent worm.
C) Larval arrest of F2 progeny was determined by manually counting the number of arrested larvae (which appeared to be the size of L1/L2 worms) on plates ~48 hours after transfer of the parent worm.
Statistical Analysis
A traditional One-way ANOVA with the Tukey HSD Post-Hoc Test was used to determine the
differences in brood size among four groups: gfp(RNAi) N2, gfp(RNAi) glp-1(bn18), enpl-1(RNAi) N2, enpl-1(RNAi) glp-1(bn18). To evaluate the percent embryonic lethality, Welch's ANOVA with the Games Howell Post-Hoc Test was performed due to the violation of homogeneous variance assumption in a traditional ANOVA. Since percent of arrested larvae data have normality violation in a traditional ANOVA, a non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test followed by a Post-Hoc Dunn test was applied. The multiple comparisons were adjusted by the Bonferroni correction.
","reagents":"Worm strains
Strain | Genotype | Available from |
Wild type | Caenorhabditis Genetics Center | |
Caenorhabditis Genetics Center |
Plasmids
Plasmid | Description |
GFP RNAi feeding clone | GFP coding region cloned into L4440 feeding vector in E. coli HT115 for gfp(RNAi) |
enpl-1 RNAi feeding clone | enpl-1 (T05E11.3) C. elegans genomic clone (1189 bp) from the Ahringer library (Kamath, et al. 2003) for enpl-1(RNAi) |
The C. elegans GLP-1/Notch transmembrane receptor plays key roles in germline stem cell proliferation and early embryonic development (Maduro 2010; Hubbard and Schedl, 2019). We have previously shown that the molecular chaperone HSP-90 promotes germline GLP-1/Notch signaling. Specifically, reduction of HSP-90 function enhances the germline stem cell proliferation defect observed in glp-1(bn18), a temperature-sensitive allele of glp-1 (Qiao et al 1995; Lissemore et al 2018). These observations, along with evidence for a direct physical interaction between Hsp90 and Notch in mammalian cells (Deskin et al 2016; Wang et al 2017), are consistent with GLP-1/Notch being a client protein of HSP-90 in C. elegans. In addition to cytosolic HSP-90, C. elegans possesses an endoplasmic reticulum-specific molecular chaperone, ENPL-1 (GRP94/endoplasmin) (Podraza-Farhanieh et al. 2020). As a transmembrane receptor, GLP-1/Notch is trafficked through the rough endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi endomembrane system (Zhou et al 2022), leading us to ask whether the ENPL-1 chaperone, like HSP-90, plays a role in GLP-1/Notch signaling.
glp-1(bn18) mutants have a strong germline proliferation defect at 25 °C, a mild germline proliferation defect at 20 °C, and essentially normal germline proliferation at 15 °C (Kodoyianni et al 1992; Qiao et al. 1995). At 20 °C, glp-1(bn18) provides a sensitized genetic background to identify other factors that either limit or promote GLP-1/Notch signaling. Here we examined the effect of enpl-1 knockdown in N2 and glp-1(bn18) strains at 20 °C by measuring brood size and embryonic lethality to assess a possible role for enpl-1 in GLP-1/Notch signaling in the germline and during early embryonic development, respectively. enpl-1(RNAi) was previously reported to cause larval arrest in the RNAi hypersensitive mutant rrf-3(pk1426) (Billing et al. 2012). Therefore, we also examined whether larval arrest can occur in strains that have normal sensitivity to RNAi, i.e. N2 and glp-1(bn18).
We measured brood sizes of individual F1 N2 and glp-1(bn18) hermaphrodites on gfp(RNAi) and enpl-1(RNAi) feeding plates as well as embryonic lethality and larval arrest among F2 offspring. With respect to brood size, enpl-1(RNAi) did not reduce brood size in either N2 or glp-1(bn18) mutants compared to gfp(RNAi) negative controls (Fig. 1A). Therefore, enpl-1 knockdown did not enhance the germline defect associated with glp-1(bn18) raised at 20 °C. We do note a small but statistically significant increase in brood size in enpl-1(RNAi) glp-1(bn18) compared to gfp(RNAi) glp-1(bn18) (Fig. 1A). Moreover, the brood size of enpl-1(RNAi) glp-1(bn18) was not statistically different from enpl-1(RNAi) N2. Because GLP-1/Notch signaling is also required for embryonic development (Maduro 2010), we evaluated embryonic viability in enpl-1(RNAi). Embryonic lethality was significantly higher in glp-1(bn18) mutants than in N2 for both gfp(RNAi) and enpl-1(RNAi), and the percent embryonic lethality was not statistically different in the two genetic backgrounds (Fig. 1B). That is, no interaction between glp-1(bn18) and enpl-1(RNAi) was seen with respect to embryonic lethality. Finally, enpl-1(RNAi) caused early larval arrest at approximately the L2 stage in both N2 and glp-1(bn18) based on larval size (Fig. 1C-G). This enpl-1(RNAi) larval arrest was not enhanced in glp-1(bn18) mutants compared to N2 (Fig. 1C). These results confirm that enpl-1 function was reduced in enpl-1(RNAi) and that the negative results seen for brood size and embryonic lethality were not due to ineffective knockdown. Furthermore, our data show that an RNAi hypersensitive strain is not needed to observe the enpl-1 larval arrest phenotype.
Taken together, our data do not reveal a substantial genetic interaction between enpl-1 and glp-1. We conclude that the ENPL-1 endoplasmic reticulum molecular chaperone plays little or no role in GLP-1/Notch signaling in either germline or embryonic development in C. elegans.
","references":[{"reference":"Billing O, Natarajan B, Mohammed A, Naredi P, Kao G. 2012. A directed RNAi screen based on larval growth arrest reveals new modifiers of C. elegans insulin signaling. PLoS One 7(4): e34507.
","pubmedId":"22511947","doi":""},{"reference":"Deskin B, Lasky J, Zhuang Y, Shan B. 2016. Requirement of HDAC6 for activation of Notch1 by TGF-β1. Sci Rep 6: 31086.
","pubmedId":"27499032","doi":""},{"reference":"Hubbard EJA, Schedl T. 2019. Biology of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline Stem Cell System. Genetics 213(4): 1145-1188.
","pubmedId":"31796552","doi":""},{"reference":"Kamath RS, Fraser AG, Dong Y, Poulin G, Durbin R, Gotta M, et al., Ahringer J. 2003. Systematic functional analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans genome using RNAi. Nature 421(6920): 231-7.
","pubmedId":"12529635","doi":""},{"reference":"Kodoyianni V, Maine EM, Kimble J. 1992. Molecular basis of loss-of-function mutations in the glp-1 gene of Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Biol Cell 3(11): 1199-213.
","pubmedId":"1457827","doi":""},{"reference":"Lissemore JL, Connors E, Liu Y, Qiao L, Yang B, Edgley ML, et al., Maine EM. 2018. The Molecular Chaperone HSP90 Promotes Notch Signaling in the Germline of Caenorhabditis elegans. G3 (Bethesda) 8(5): 1535-1544.
","pubmedId":"29507057","doi":""},{"reference":"Maduro MF. 2010. Cell fate specification in the C. elegans embryo. Dev Dyn 239(5): 1315-29.
","pubmedId":"20108317","doi":""},{"reference":"Podraza-Farhanieh A, Natarajan B, Raj D, Kao G, Naredi P. 2020. ENPL-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of GRP94, promotes insulin secretion via regulation of proinsulin processing and maturation. Development 147(20): 10.1242/dev.190082.
","pubmedId":"33037039","doi":""},{"reference":"Qiao L, Lissemore JL, Shu P, Smardon A, Gelber MB, Maine EM. 1995. Enhancers of glp-1, a gene required for cell-signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans, define a set of genes required for germline development. Genetics 141(2): 551-69.
","pubmedId":"8647392","doi":""},{"reference":"Timmons L, Court DL, Fire A. 2001. Ingestion of bacterially expressed dsRNAs can produce specific and potent genetic interference in Caenorhabditis elegans. Gene 263(1-2): 103-12.
","pubmedId":"11223248","doi":""},{"reference":"Wang Z, Hu Y, Xiao D, Wang J, Liu C, Xu Y, et al., Qing G. 2017. Stabilization of Notch1 by the Hsp90 Chaperone Is Crucial for T-Cell Leukemogenesis. Clin Cancer Res 23(14): 3834-3846.
","pubmedId":"28143869","doi":""},{"reference":"Zhou B, Lin W, Long Y, Yang Y, Zhang H, Wu K, Chu Q. 2022. Notch signaling pathway: architecture, disease, and therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 7(1): 95.
","pubmedId":"35332121","doi":""}],"title":"The C. elegans endoplasmic reticulum molecular chaperone ENPL-1 does not promote GLP-1/Notch signaling
","reviews":[],"curatorReviews":[{"curator":{"displayName":"KJ Yook"},"openAcknowledgement":false,"submitted":null},{"curator":{"displayName":"Gary Craig Schindelman"},"openAcknowledgement":false,"submitted":null}]},{"id":"fbcde8da-f548-4e7f-aeb5-d25c0aa54ea3","decision":"revise","abstract":"The C. elegans Notch receptor, GLP-1, is essential for germline proliferation and early embryonic development. While the cytosolic chaperone HSP-90 promotes GLP-1 signaling in the germline, it is unknown whether the endoplasmic reticulum-resident Hsp90, ENPL-1 (GRP94/endoplasmin), also promotes GLP-1 signaling. We used RNAi knockdown of enpl-1 in a sensitized glp-1(bn18) background to investigate potential genetic interactions. RNAi-mediated knockdown of enpl-1 did not enhance reduced GLP-1/Notch signaling, and it caused a similar degree of early larval arrest in both wildtype and glp-1(bn18) backgrounds. Thus, we did not detect a role for ENPL-1 in promoting GLP-1/Notch signaling.
","acknowledgements":"Some strains were provided by the CGC, which is funded by NIH Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (P40 OD010440).
","authors":[{"affiliations":["John Carroll University, University Heights, OH, USA"],"departments":["Department of Biology"],"credit":["conceptualization","investigation","writing_originalDraft","project","supervision","visualization","writing_reviewEditing","dataCuration","methodology","resources","validation"],"email":"jlissemore@jcu.edu","firstName":"James L.","lastName":"Lissemore","submittingAuthor":true,"correspondingAuthor":true,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":"","orcid":"0000-0002-1418-2285"},{"affiliations":["John Carroll University, University Heights, OH, USA"],"departments":["Department of Biology"],"credit":["investigation","writing_reviewEditing"],"email":"apancake25@jcu.edu","firstName":"Amanda","lastName":"Pancake","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["John Carroll University, University Heights, OH, USA"],"departments":["Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Data Science"],"credit":["formalAnalysis","visualization","writing_originalDraft","writing_reviewEditing"],"email":"rfang@jcu.edu","firstName":"Shurong","lastName":"Fang","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA"],"departments":["Department of Biology"],"credit":["conceptualization","writing_reviewEditing","methodology","resources"],"email":"emmaine@syr.edu","firstName":"Eleanor M.","lastName":"Maine","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":"","orcid":"0000-0002-6569-2701"}],"awards":[],"conflictsOfInterest":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.
","dataTable":{"url":null},"extendedData":[],"funding":"N/A
","image":{"url":"https://portal.micropublication.org/uploads/af699671456f877294d864ac1b5836f6.png"},"imageCaption":"A) Brood size, B) embryonic lethality, and C) larval arrest were determined for N2 wildtype and glp-1(bn18) hermaphrodites treated with gfp(RNAi) (negative control) and enpl-1(RNAi). Horizontal lines within box plots indicate median; upper and lower ends of boxes indicate upper and lower quartiles; whiskers extend to minimum and maximum values. gfp(RNAi) N2 (GFP N2), n=9; gfp(RNAi) glp-1(bn18) (GFP bn18), n=11; enpl-1(RNAi) N2 (enpl-1 N2), n=16; enpl-1(RNAi) glp-1(bn18) (enpl-1 bn18), n=10. * p<0.01; ** p<0.001; *** p<0.0001. D-G) Dissecting microscope images of 20X (left) and 60X (right) magnification of D) GFP N2, E) GFP bn18, F) enpl-1 N2, G) enpl-1 bn18 plates ~48 hours after removal of F1 parental hermaphrodite. For F) and G) 60X images, note that substantial numbers of arrested larvae had wandered off the lawn.
","imageTitle":"enpl-1 knockdown causes larval arrest and does not enhance glp-1(bn18) germline or embryonic phenotypes.
","methods":"Nematode strains and worm maintenance. Worms were maintained using standard methods as previously described (Lissemore, et al. 2018).
RNAi feeding experiments. RNAi was performed with modification of the feeding method (Timmons et al. 2001). Bacterial strains carrying plasmids expressing gfp dsRNA or enpl-1 dsRNA (for gfp(RNAi) and enpl-1(RNAi), respectively) were inoculated into LB-ampicillin for overnight growth at 37 °C with shaking. Twenty ul of bacterial culture was spotted onto 35 mm plates of NGM-Lite medium containing ampicillin (100 ug/ml) and IPTG (1 mM). Bacterial lawns were allowed to grow for at least 1 day at 15 °C before use. Seeded plates were stored at 15 °C and used within 10-11 days.
Feeding experiments used the following schedule (plates were incubated at 20 °C):
Day 1: Single L4 hermaphrodites (P0) were transferred to RNAi feeding plates
Day 2: Worms were replica plated to fresh RNAi feeding plates
Day 3: Parental worms were removed from plates
Day 5: L4 offspring (F1) were cloned out on fresh RNAi feeding plates to determine A) brood size, B) percent embryonic viability, and C) percent arrested larvae.
A) Brood sizes of F1 hermaphrodites were determined by manually counting the number of embryos and L1 worms present ~24 hours after the F1 parent was initially placed on a plate, which was shortly after the parent had been transferred to a fresh plate. F1 parents were transferred until they no longer produced embryos (typically 4-5 days).
B) Embryonic viability of F2 progeny was determined by manually counting the number of unhatched embryos on plates ~24 hours after transfer of the parent worm.
C) Larval arrest of F2 progeny was determined by manually counting the number of arrested larvae (which appeared to be the size of L1/L2 worms) on plates ~48 hours after transfer of the parent worm.
Statistical Analysis
A traditional One-way ANOVA with the Tukey HSD Post-Hoc Test was used to determine the
differences in brood size among four groups: gfp(RNAi) N2, gfp(RNAi) glp-1(bn18), enpl-1(RNAi) N2, enpl-1(RNAi) glp-1(bn18). To evaluate the percent embryonic lethality, Welch's ANOVA with the Games Howell Post-Hoc Test was performed due to the violation of homogeneous variance assumption in a traditional ANOVA. Since percent of arrested larvae data have normality violation in a traditional ANOVA, a non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test followed by a Post-Hoc Dunn test was applied. The multiple comparisons were adjusted by the Bonferroni correction.
","reagents":"Worm strains
Strain | Genotype | Available from |
Wild type | Caenorhabditis Genetics Center | |
Caenorhabditis Genetics Center |
Plasmids
Plasmid | Description |
GFP RNAi feeding clone | GFP coding region cloned into L4440 feeding vector in E. coli HT115 for gfp(RNAi) |
enpl-1 RNAi feeding clone | enpl-1 (T05E11.3) C. elegans genomic clone (1189 bp) from the Ahringer library (Kamath, et al. 2003) for enpl-1(RNAi) |
The C. elegans GLP-1/Notch transmembrane receptor plays key roles in germline stem cell proliferation and early embryonic development (Maduro 2010; Hubbard and Schedl, 2019). We have previously shown that the molecular chaperone HSP-90 promotes germline GLP-1/Notch signaling. Specifically, reduction of HSP-90 function enhances the germline stem cell proliferation defect observed in glp-1(bn18), a temperature-sensitive allele of glp-1 (Qiao et al 1995; Lissemore et al 2018). These observations, along with evidence for a direct physical interaction between Hsp90 and Notch in mammalian cells (Deskin et al 2016; Wang et al 2017), are consistent with GLP-1/Notch being a client protein of HSP-90 in C. elegans. In addition to cytosolic HSP-90, C. elegans possesses an endoplasmic reticulum-specific molecular chaperone, ENPL-1 (GRP94/endoplasmin) (Podraza-Farhanieh et al. 2020). As a transmembrane receptor, GLP-1/Notch is trafficked through the rough endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi endomembrane system (Zhou et al 2022), leading us to ask whether the ENPL-1 chaperone, like HSP-90, plays a role in GLP-1/Notch signaling.
glp-1(bn18) mutants have a strong germline proliferation defect at 25 °C, a mild germline proliferation defect at 20 °C, and essentially normal germline proliferation at 15 °C (Kodoyianni et al 1992; Qiao et al. 1995). At 20 °C, glp-1(bn18) provides a sensitized genetic background to identify other factors that either limit or promote GLP-1/Notch signaling. Here we examined the effect of enpl-1 knockdown in N2 and glp-1(bn18) strains at 20 °C by measuring brood size and embryonic lethality to assess a possible role for enpl-1 in GLP-1/Notch signaling in the germline and during early embryonic development, respectively. enpl-1(RNAi) was previously reported to cause larval arrest in the RNAi hypersensitive mutant rrf-3(pk1426) (Billing et al. 2012). Therefore, we also examined whether larval arrest can occur in strains that have normal sensitivity to RNAi, i.e. N2 and glp-1(bn18).
We measured brood sizes of individual F1 N2 and glp-1(bn18) hermaphrodites on gfp(RNAi) and enpl-1(RNAi) feeding plates as well as embryonic lethality and larval arrest among F2 offspring. With respect to brood size, enpl-1(RNAi) did not reduce brood size in either N2 or glp-1(bn18) mutants compared to gfp(RNAi) negative controls (Fig. 1A). Therefore, enpl-1 knockdown did not enhance the germline defect associated with glp-1(bn18) raised at 20 °C. We do note a small but statistically significant increase in brood size in enpl-1(RNAi) glp-1(bn18) compared to gfp(RNAi) glp-1(bn18) (Fig. 1A). Moreover, the brood size of enpl-1(RNAi) glp-1(bn18) was not statistically different from enpl-1(RNAi) N2. Because GLP-1/Notch signaling is also required for embryonic development (Maduro 2010), we evaluated embryonic viability in enpl-1(RNAi). Embryonic lethality was significantly higher in glp-1(bn18) mutants than in N2 for both gfp(RNAi) and enpl-1(RNAi), and the percent embryonic lethality was not statistically different in the two genetic backgrounds (Fig. 1B). That is, no interaction between glp-1(bn18) and enpl-1(RNAi) was seen with respect to embryonic lethality. Finally, enpl-1(RNAi) caused early larval arrest at approximately the L2 stage in both N2 and glp-1(bn18) based on larval size (Fig. 1C-G). This enpl-1(RNAi) larval arrest was not enhanced in glp-1(bn18) mutants compared to N2 (Fig. 1C). These results confirm that enpl-1 function was reduced in enpl-1(RNAi) and that the negative results seen for brood size and embryonic lethality were not due to ineffective knockdown. Furthermore, our data show that an RNAi hypersensitive strain is not needed to observe the enpl-1 larval arrest phenotype.
Taken together, our data do not reveal a substantial genetic interaction between enpl-1 and glp-1. We conclude that the ENPL-1 endoplasmic reticulum molecular chaperone plays little or no role in GLP-1/Notch signaling in either germline or embryonic development in C. elegans.
","references":[{"reference":"Billing O, Natarajan B, Mohammed A, Naredi P, Kao G. 2012. A directed RNAi screen based on larval growth arrest reveals new modifiers of C. elegans insulin signaling. PLoS One 7(4): e34507.
","pubmedId":"22511947","doi":""},{"reference":"Deskin B, Lasky J, Zhuang Y, Shan B. 2016. Requirement of HDAC6 for activation of Notch1 by TGF-β1. Sci Rep 6: 31086.
","pubmedId":"27499032","doi":""},{"reference":"Hubbard EJA, Schedl T. 2019. Biology of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline Stem Cell System. Genetics 213(4): 1145-1188.
","pubmedId":"31796552","doi":""},{"reference":"Kamath RS, Fraser AG, Dong Y, Poulin G, Durbin R, Gotta M, et al., Ahringer J. 2003. Systematic functional analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans genome using RNAi. Nature 421(6920): 231-7.
","pubmedId":"12529635","doi":""},{"reference":"Kodoyianni V, Maine EM, Kimble J. 1992. Molecular basis of loss-of-function mutations in the glp-1 gene of Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Biol Cell 3(11): 1199-213.
","pubmedId":"1457827","doi":""},{"reference":"Lissemore JL, Connors E, Liu Y, Qiao L, Yang B, Edgley ML, et al., Maine EM. 2018. The Molecular Chaperone HSP90 Promotes Notch Signaling in the Germline of Caenorhabditis elegans. G3 (Bethesda) 8(5): 1535-1544.
","pubmedId":"29507057","doi":""},{"reference":"Maduro MF. 2010. Cell fate specification in the C. elegans embryo. Dev Dyn 239(5): 1315-29.
","pubmedId":"20108317","doi":""},{"reference":"Podraza-Farhanieh A, Natarajan B, Raj D, Kao G, Naredi P. 2020. ENPL-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of GRP94, promotes insulin secretion via regulation of proinsulin processing and maturation. Development 147(20): 10.1242/dev.190082.
","pubmedId":"33037039","doi":""},{"reference":"Qiao L, Lissemore JL, Shu P, Smardon A, Gelber MB, Maine EM. 1995. Enhancers of glp-1, a gene required for cell-signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans, define a set of genes required for germline development. Genetics 141(2): 551-69.
","pubmedId":"8647392","doi":""},{"reference":"Timmons L, Court DL, Fire A. 2001. Ingestion of bacterially expressed dsRNAs can produce specific and potent genetic interference in Caenorhabditis elegans. Gene 263(1-2): 103-12.
","pubmedId":"11223248","doi":""},{"reference":"Wang Z, Hu Y, Xiao D, Wang J, Liu C, Xu Y, et al., Qing G. 2017. Stabilization of Notch1 by the Hsp90 Chaperone Is Crucial for T-Cell Leukemogenesis. Clin Cancer Res 23(14): 3834-3846.
","pubmedId":"28143869","doi":""},{"reference":"Zhou B, Lin W, Long Y, Yang Y, Zhang H, Wu K, Chu Q. 2022. Notch signaling pathway: architecture, disease, and therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 7(1): 95.
","pubmedId":"35332121","doi":""}],"title":"The C. elegans endoplasmic reticulum molecular chaperone ENPL-1 does not promote GLP-1/Notch signaling
","reviews":[{"reviewer":{"displayName":"Judith Yanowitz"},"openAcknowledgement":true,"status":{"submitted":true}}],"curatorReviews":[{"curator":{"displayName":"KJ Yook"},"openAcknowledgement":false,"submitted":null},{"curator":{"displayName":"Gary Craig Schindelman"},"openAcknowledgement":false,"submitted":null}]},{"id":"9277cb36-c401-4d21-ad8e-ae92791aa0f2","decision":"accept","abstract":"The C. elegans Notch receptor, GLP-1, is essential for germline proliferation and early embryonic development. While the cytosolic chaperone HSP-90 promotes GLP-1 signaling in the germline, it is unknown whether the endoplasmic reticulum-resident Hsp90, ENPL-1 (GRP94/endoplasmin), also promotes GLP-1 signaling. We used RNAi knockdown of enpl-1 in a sensitized glp-1(bn18) background to investigate potential genetic interactions. RNAi-mediated knockdown of enpl-1 did not enhance reduced GLP-1/Notch signaling, and it caused a similar degree of early larval arrest in both wildtype and glp-1(bn18) backgrounds. Thus, we did not detect a role for ENPL-1 in promoting GLP-1/Notch signaling.
","acknowledgements":"Some strains were provided by the CGC, which is funded by NIH Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (P40 OD010440).
","authors":[{"affiliations":["John Carroll University, University Heights, OH, USA"],"departments":["Department of Biology"],"credit":["conceptualization","investigation","writing_originalDraft","project","supervision","visualization","writing_reviewEditing","dataCuration","methodology","resources","validation"],"email":"jlissemore@jcu.edu","firstName":"James L.","lastName":"Lissemore","submittingAuthor":true,"correspondingAuthor":true,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":"","orcid":"0000-0002-1418-2285"},{"affiliations":["John Carroll University, University Heights, OH, USA"],"departments":["Department of Biology"],"credit":["investigation","writing_reviewEditing"],"email":"apancake25@jcu.edu","firstName":"Amanda","lastName":"Pancake","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["John Carroll University, University Heights, OH, USA"],"departments":["Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Data Science"],"credit":["formalAnalysis","visualization","writing_originalDraft","writing_reviewEditing"],"email":"rfang@jcu.edu","firstName":"Shurong","lastName":"Fang","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA"],"departments":["Department of Biology"],"credit":["conceptualization","writing_reviewEditing","methodology","resources"],"email":"emmaine@syr.edu","firstName":"Eleanor M.","lastName":"Maine","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":"","orcid":"0000-0002-6569-2701"}],"awards":[],"conflictsOfInterest":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.
","dataTable":{"url":null},"extendedData":[],"funding":"N/A
","image":{"url":"https://portal.micropublication.org/uploads/7c00d981bc05cf3889efbb8f539851e2.png"},"imageCaption":"A) Brood size, B) embryonic lethality, and C) larval arrest were determined for N2 wildtype and glp-1(bn18) hermaphrodites treated with gfp(RNAi) (negative control) and enpl-1(RNAi). Horizontal lines within box plots indicate median; upper and lower ends of boxes indicate upper and lower quartiles; whiskers extend to minimum and maximum values. gfp(RNAi) N2 (GFP N2), n=9; gfp(RNAi) glp-1(bn18) (GFP bn18), n=11; enpl-1(RNAi) N2 (enpl-1 N2), n=16; enpl-1(RNAi) glp-1(bn18) (enpl-1 bn18), n=10. * p<0.01; ** p<0.001; *** p<0.0001. D-G) Dissecting microscope images of 20X (left) and 60X (right) magnification of D) GFP N2, E) GFP bn18, F) enpl-1 N2, G) enpl-1 bn18 plates ~48 hours after removal of F1 parental hermaphrodite. For F) and G) 60X images, note that substantial numbers of arrested larvae had wandered off the lawn.
","imageTitle":"enpl-1 knockdown causes larval arrest and does not enhance glp-1(bn18) germline or embryonic phenotypes.
","methods":"Nematode strains and worm maintenance. Worms were maintained using standard methods as previously described (Lissemore, et al. 2018).
RNAi feeding experiments. RNAi was performed with modification of the feeding method (Timmons et al. 2001). Bacterial strains carrying plasmids expressing gfp dsRNA or enpl-1 dsRNA (for gfp(RNAi) and enpl-1(RNAi), respectively) were inoculated into LB-ampicillin for overnight growth at 37 °C with shaking. Twenty μl of bacterial culture was spotted onto 35 mm plates of NGM-Lite medium containing ampicillin (100 μg/ml) and IPTG (1 mM). Bacterial lawns were allowed to grow for at least 1 day at 15 °C before use. Seeded plates were stored at 15 °C and used within 10-11 days.
Feeding experiments used the following schedule (plates were incubated at 20 °C):
Day 1: Single L4 hermaphrodites (P0) were transferred to RNAi feeding plates
Day 2: Worms were replica plated to fresh RNAi feeding plates
Day 3: Parental worms were removed from plates
Day 5: L4 offspring (F1) were cloned out on fresh RNAi feeding plates to determine A) brood size, B) percent embryonic viability, and C) percent arrested larvae.
A) Brood sizes of F1 hermaphrodites were determined by manually counting the number of embryos and L1 worms present ~24 hours after the F1 parent was initially placed on a plate, which was shortly after the parent had been transferred to a fresh plate. F1 parents were transferred until they no longer produced embryos (typically 4-5 days).
B) Embryonic viability of F2 progeny was determined by manually counting the number of unhatched embryos on plates ~24 hours after transfer of the parent worm.
C) Larval arrest of F2 progeny was determined by manually counting the number of arrested larvae (which appeared to be the size of L1/L2 worms) on plates ~48 hours after transfer of the parent worm.
Statistical Analysis
A traditional One-way ANOVA with the Tukey HSD Post-Hoc Test was used to determine the
differences in brood size among four groups: gfp(RNAi) N2, gfp(RNAi) glp-1(bn18), enpl-1(RNAi) N2, enpl-1(RNAi) glp-1(bn18). To evaluate the percent embryonic lethality, Welch's ANOVA with the Games Howell Post-Hoc Test was performed due to the violation of homogeneous variance assumption in a traditional ANOVA. Since percent of arrested larvae data have normality violation in a traditional ANOVA, a non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test followed by a Post-Hoc Dunn test was applied. The multiple comparisons were adjusted by the Bonferroni correction.
","reagents":"Worm strains
Strain | Genotype | Available from |
Wild type | Caenorhabditis Genetics Center | |
Caenorhabditis Genetics Center |
Plasmids
Plasmid | Description |
GFP RNAi feeding clone | GFP coding region cloned into L4440 feeding vector in E. coli HT115 for gfp(RNAi) |
enpl-1 RNAi feeding clone | enpl-1 (T05E11.3) C. elegans genomic clone (1189 bp) from the Ahringer library (Kamath, et al. 2003) for enpl-1(RNAi) |
The C. elegans GLP-1/Notch transmembrane receptor plays key roles in germline stem cell proliferation and early embryonic development (Maduro 2010; Hubbard and Schedl, 2019). We have previously shown that the molecular chaperone HSP-90 promotes germline GLP-1/Notch signaling. Specifically, reduction of HSP-90 function enhances the germline stem cell proliferation defect observed in glp-1(bn18), a temperature-sensitive allele of glp-1 (Qiao et al 1995; Lissemore et al 2018). These observations, along with evidence for a direct physical interaction between Hsp90 and Notch in mammalian cells (Deskin et al 2016; Wang et al 2017), are consistent with GLP-1/Notch being a client protein of HSP-90 in C. elegans. In addition to cytosolic HSP-90, C. elegans possesses an endoplasmic reticulum-specific molecular chaperone, ENPL-1 (GRP94/endoplasmin) (Podraza-Farhanieh et al. 2020). As a transmembrane receptor, GLP-1/Notch is trafficked through the rough endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi endomembrane system (Zhou et al 2022), leading us to ask whether the ENPL-1 chaperone, like HSP-90, plays a role in GLP-1/Notch signaling.
glp-1(bn18) mutants have a strong germline proliferation defect at 25 °C, a mild germline proliferation defect at 20 °C, and essentially normal germline proliferation at 15 °C (Kodoyianni et al 1992; Qiao et al. 1995). At 20 °C, glp-1(bn18) provides a sensitized genetic background to identify other factors that either limit or promote GLP-1/Notch signaling. Here we examined the effect of enpl-1 knockdown in N2 and glp-1(bn18) strains at 20 °C by measuring brood size and embryonic lethality to assess a possible role for enpl-1 in GLP-1/Notch signaling in the germline and during early embryonic development, respectively. enpl-1(RNAi) was previously reported to cause larval arrest in the RNAi hypersensitive mutant rrf-3(pk1426) (Billing et al. 2012). Therefore, we also examined whether larval arrest can occur in strains that have normal sensitivity to RNAi, i.e. N2 and glp-1(bn18).
We measured brood sizes of individual F1 N2 and glp-1(bn18) hermaphrodites on gfp(RNAi) and enpl-1(RNAi) feeding plates as well as embryonic lethality and larval arrest among F2 offspring. With respect to brood size, enpl-1(RNAi) did not reduce brood size in either N2 or glp-1(bn18) mutants compared to gfp(RNAi) negative controls (Fig. 1A). Therefore, enpl-1 knockdown did not enhance the germline defect associated with glp-1(bn18) raised at 20 °C. We do note a small but statistically significant increase in brood size in enpl-1(RNAi) glp-1(bn18) compared to gfp(RNAi) glp-1(bn18) (Fig. 1A). Moreover, the brood size of enpl-1(RNAi) glp-1(bn18) was not statistically different from enpl-1(RNAi) N2. Because GLP-1/Notch signaling is also required for embryonic development (Maduro 2010), we evaluated embryonic viability in enpl-1(RNAi). Embryonic lethality was significantly higher in glp-1(bn18) mutants than in N2 for both gfp(RNAi) and enpl-1(RNAi), and the percent embryonic lethality was not statistically different in the two genetic backgrounds (Fig. 1B). That is, no interaction between glp-1(bn18) and enpl-1(RNAi) was seen with respect to embryonic lethality. Finally, enpl-1(RNAi) caused early larval arrest at approximately the L2 stage in both N2 and glp-1(bn18) based on larval size (Fig. 1C-G). This enpl-1(RNAi) larval arrest was not enhanced in glp-1(bn18) mutants compared to N2 (Fig. 1C). These results confirm that enpl-1 function was reduced in enpl-1(RNAi) and that the negative results seen for brood size and embryonic lethality were not due to ineffective knockdown. Furthermore, our data show that an RNAi hypersensitive strain is not needed to observe the enpl-1 larval arrest phenotype.
Taken together, our data do not reveal a substantial genetic interaction between enpl-1 and glp-1. We conclude that the ENPL-1 endoplasmic reticulum molecular chaperone plays little or no role in GLP-1/Notch signaling in either germline or embryonic development in C. elegans.
","references":[{"reference":"Billing O, Natarajan B, Mohammed A, Naredi P, Kao G. 2012. A directed RNAi screen based on larval growth arrest reveals new modifiers of C. elegans insulin signaling. PLoS One 7(4): e34507.
","pubmedId":"22511947","doi":""},{"reference":"Deskin B, Lasky J, Zhuang Y, Shan B. 2016. Requirement of HDAC6 for activation of Notch1 by TGF-β1. Sci Rep 6: 31086.
","pubmedId":"27499032","doi":""},{"reference":"Hubbard EJA, Schedl T. 2019. Biology of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline Stem Cell System. Genetics 213(4): 1145-1188.
","pubmedId":"31796552","doi":""},{"reference":"Kamath RS, Fraser AG, Dong Y, Poulin G, Durbin R, Gotta M, et al., Ahringer J. 2003. Systematic functional analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans genome using RNAi. Nature 421(6920): 231-7.
","pubmedId":"12529635","doi":""},{"reference":"Kodoyianni V, Maine EM, Kimble J. 1992. Molecular basis of loss-of-function mutations in the glp-1 gene of Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Biol Cell 3(11): 1199-213.
","pubmedId":"1457827","doi":""},{"reference":"Lissemore JL, Connors E, Liu Y, Qiao L, Yang B, Edgley ML, et al., Maine EM. 2018. The Molecular Chaperone HSP90 Promotes Notch Signaling in the Germline of Caenorhabditis elegans. G3 (Bethesda) 8(5): 1535-1544.
","pubmedId":"29507057","doi":""},{"reference":"Maduro MF. 2010. Cell fate specification in the C. elegans embryo. Dev Dyn 239(5): 1315-29.
","pubmedId":"20108317","doi":""},{"reference":"Podraza-Farhanieh A, Natarajan B, Raj D, Kao G, Naredi P. 2020. ENPL-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of GRP94, promotes insulin secretion via regulation of proinsulin processing and maturation. Development 147(20): 10.1242/dev.190082.
","pubmedId":"33037039","doi":""},{"reference":"Qiao L, Lissemore JL, Shu P, Smardon A, Gelber MB, Maine EM. 1995. Enhancers of glp-1, a gene required for cell-signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans, define a set of genes required for germline development. Genetics 141(2): 551-69.
","pubmedId":"8647392","doi":""},{"reference":"Timmons L, Court DL, Fire A. 2001. Ingestion of bacterially expressed dsRNAs can produce specific and potent genetic interference in Caenorhabditis elegans. Gene 263(1-2): 103-12.
","pubmedId":"11223248","doi":""},{"reference":"Wang Z, Hu Y, Xiao D, Wang J, Liu C, Xu Y, et al., Qing G. 2017. Stabilization of Notch1 by the Hsp90 Chaperone Is Crucial for T-Cell Leukemogenesis. Clin Cancer Res 23(14): 3834-3846.
","pubmedId":"28143869","doi":""},{"reference":"Zhou B, Lin W, Long Y, Yang Y, Zhang H, Wu K, Chu Q. 2022. Notch signaling pathway: architecture, disease, and therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 7(1): 95.
","pubmedId":"35332121","doi":""}],"title":"The C. elegans endoplasmic reticulum molecular chaperone ENPL-1 does not promote GLP-1/Notch signaling
","reviews":[],"curatorReviews":[{"curator":{"displayName":"KJ Yook"},"openAcknowledgement":false,"submitted":"1782340340767"},{"curator":{"displayName":"Gary Craig Schindelman"},"openAcknowledgement":false,"submitted":"1782437003057"}]},{"id":"097638bf-1d47-4f22-9a39-28af20a9828f","decision":"publish","abstract":"The C. elegans Notch receptor, GLP-1, is essential for germline proliferation and early embryonic development. While the cytosolic chaperone HSP-90 promotes GLP-1 signaling in the germline, it is unknown whether the endoplasmic reticulum-resident Hsp90, ENPL-1 (GRP94/endoplasmin), also promotes GLP-1 signaling. We used RNAi knockdown of enpl-1 in a sensitized glp-1(bn18) background to investigate potential genetic interactions. RNAi-mediated knockdown of enpl-1 did not enhance reduced GLP-1/Notch signaling, and it caused a similar degree of early larval arrest in both wildtype and glp-1(bn18) backgrounds. Thus, we did not detect a role for ENPL-1 in promoting GLP-1/Notch signaling.
","acknowledgements":"Some strains were provided by the CGC, which is funded by NIH Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (P40 OD010440).
","authors":[{"affiliations":["John Carroll University, University Heights, OH, USA"],"departments":["Department of Biology"],"credit":["conceptualization","investigation","writing_originalDraft","project","supervision","visualization","writing_reviewEditing","dataCuration","methodology","resources","validation"],"email":"jlissemore@jcu.edu","firstName":"James L.","lastName":"Lissemore","submittingAuthor":true,"correspondingAuthor":true,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":"","orcid":"0000-0002-1418-2285"},{"affiliations":["John Carroll University, University Heights, OH, USA"],"departments":["Department of Biology"],"credit":["investigation","writing_reviewEditing"],"email":"apancake25@jcu.edu","firstName":"Amanda","lastName":"Pancake","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["John Carroll University, University Heights, OH, USA"],"departments":["Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Data Science"],"credit":["formalAnalysis","visualization","writing_originalDraft","writing_reviewEditing"],"email":"rfang@jcu.edu","firstName":"Shurong","lastName":"Fang","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA"],"departments":["Department of Biology"],"credit":["conceptualization","writing_reviewEditing","methodology","resources"],"email":"emmaine@syr.edu","firstName":"Eleanor M.","lastName":"Maine","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":"","orcid":"0000-0002-6569-2701"}],"awards":[],"conflictsOfInterest":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.
","dataTable":{"url":null},"extendedData":[],"funding":"N/A
","image":{"url":"https://portal.micropublication.org/uploads/16bf86f218641a4e49e00f091d03b43b.PNG"},"imageCaption":"A) Brood size, B) embryonic lethality, and C) larval arrest were determined for N2 wildtype and glp-1(bn18) hermaphrodites treated with gfp(RNAi) (negative control) and enpl-1(RNAi). Horizontal lines within box plots indicate median; upper and lower ends of boxes indicate upper and lower quartiles; whiskers extend to minimum and maximum values. gfp(RNAi) N2 (GFP N2), n=9; gfp(RNAi) glp-1(bn18) (GFP bn18), n=11; enpl-1(RNAi) N2 (enpl-1 N2), n=16; enpl-1(RNAi) glp-1(bn18) (enpl-1 bn18), n=10. * p<0.01; ** p<0.001; *** p<0.0001. D-G) Dissecting microscope images of 20X (left) and 60X (right) magnification of D) GFP N2, E) GFP bn18, F) enpl-1 N2, G) enpl-1 bn18 plates ~48 hours after removal of F1 parental hermaphrodite. For F) and G) 60X images, note that substantial numbers of arrested larvae had wandered off the lawn.
","imageTitle":"enpl-1 knockdown causes larval arrest and does not enhance glp-1(bn18) germline or embryonic phenotypes
","methods":"Nematode strains and worm maintenance. Worms were maintained using standard methods as previously described (Lissemore et al., 2018).
RNAi feeding experiments. RNAi was performed with modification of the feeding method (Timmons et al., 2001). Bacterial strains carrying plasmids expressing gfp dsRNA or enpl-1 dsRNA (for gfp(RNAi) and enpl-1(RNAi), respectively) were inoculated into LB-ampicillin for overnight growth at 37 °C with shaking. Twenty μl of bacterial culture was spotted onto 35 mm plates of NGM-Lite medium containing ampicillin (100 μg/ml) and IPTG (1 mM). Bacterial lawns were allowed to grow for at least 1 day at 15 °C before use. Seeded plates were stored at 15 °C and used within 10-11 days.
Feeding experiments used the following schedule (plates were incubated at 20 °C):
Day 1: Single L4 hermaphrodites (P0) were transferred to RNAi feeding plates
Day 2: Worms were replica plated to fresh RNAi feeding plates
Day 3: Parental worms were removed from plates
Day 5: L4 offspring (F1) were cloned out on fresh RNAi feeding plates to determine A) brood size, B) percent embryonic viability, and C) percent arrested larvae.
A) Brood sizes of F1 hermaphrodites were determined by manually counting the number of embryos and L1 worms present ~24 hours after the F1 parent was initially placed on a plate, which was shortly after the parent had been transferred to a fresh plate. F1 parents were transferred until they no longer produced embryos (typically 4-5 days).
B) Embryonic viability of F2 progeny was determined by manually counting the number of unhatched embryos on plates ~24 hours after transfer of the parent worm.
C) Larval arrest of F2 progeny was determined by manually counting the number of arrested larvae (which appeared to be the size of L1/L2 worms) on plates ~48 hours after transfer of the parent worm.
Statistical Analysis
A traditional One-way ANOVA with the Tukey HSD Post-Hoc Test was used to determine the differences in brood size among four groups: gfp(RNAi) N2, gfp(RNAi) glp-1(bn18), enpl-1(RNAi) N2, enpl-1(RNAi) glp-1(bn18). To evaluate the percent embryonic lethality, Welch's ANOVA with the Games Howell Post-Hoc Test was performed due to the violation of homogeneous variance assumption in a traditional ANOVA. Since percent of arrested larvae data have normality violation in a traditional ANOVA, a non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test followed by a Post-Hoc Dunn test was applied. The multiple comparisons were adjusted by the Bonferroni correction.
","reagents":"Worm strains
Strain | Genotype | Available from |
Wild type | Caenorhabditis Genetics Center | |
Caenorhabditis Genetics Center |
Plasmids
Plasmid | Description |
GFP RNAi feeding clone | GFP coding region cloned into L4440 feeding vector in E. coli HT115 for gfp(RNAi) |
enpl-1 RNAi feeding clone | enpl-1 (T05E11.3) C. elegans genomic clone (1189 bp) from the Ahringer library (Kamath et al., 2003) for enpl-1(RNAi) |
The C. elegans GLP-1/Notch transmembrane receptor plays key roles in germline stem cell proliferation and early embryonic development (Maduro 2010; Hubbard and Schedl, 2019). We have previously shown that the molecular chaperone HSP-90 promotes germline GLP-1/Notch signaling. Specifically, reduction of HSP-90 function enhances the germline stem cell proliferation defect observed in glp-1(bn18), a temperature-sensitive allele of glp-1 (Qiao et al., 1995; Lissemore et al., 2018). These observations, along with evidence for a direct physical interaction between Hsp90 and Notch in mammalian cells (Deskin et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2017), are consistent with GLP-1/Notch being a client protein of HSP-90 in C. elegans. In addition to cytosolic HSP-90, C. elegans possesses an endoplasmic reticulum-specific molecular chaperone, ENPL-1 (GRP94/endoplasmin) (Podraza-Farhanieh et al., 2020). As a transmembrane receptor, GLP-1/Notch is trafficked through the rough endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi endomembrane system (Zhou et al., 2022), leading us to ask whether the ENPL-1 chaperone, like HSP-90, plays a role in GLP-1/Notch signaling.
glp-1(bn18) mutants have a strong germline proliferation defect at 25 °C, a mild germline proliferation defect at 20 °C, and essentially normal germline proliferation at 15 °C (Kodoyianni et al., 1992; Qiao et al., 1995). At 20 °C, glp-1(bn18) provides a sensitized genetic background to identify other factors that either limit or promote GLP-1/Notch signaling. Here we examined the effect of enpl-1 knockdown in N2 and glp-1(bn18) strains at 20 °C by measuring brood size and embryonic lethality to assess a possible role for enpl-1 in GLP-1/Notch signaling in the germline and during early embryonic development, respectively. enpl-1(RNAi) was previously reported to cause larval arrest in the RNAi hypersensitive mutant rrf-3(pk1426) (Billing et al., 2012). Therefore, we also examined whether larval arrest can occur in strains that have normal sensitivity to RNAi, i.e. N2 and glp-1(bn18).
We measured brood sizes of individual F1 N2 and glp-1(bn18) hermaphrodites on gfp(RNAi) and enpl-1(RNAi) feeding plates as well as embryonic lethality and larval arrest among F2 offspring. With respect to brood size, enpl-1(RNAi) did not reduce brood size in either N2 or glp-1(bn18) mutants compared to gfp(RNAi) negative controls (Fig. 1A). Therefore, enpl-1 knockdown did not enhance the germline defect associated with glp-1(bn18) raised at 20 °C. We do note a small but statistically significant increase in brood size in enpl-1(RNAi) glp-1(bn18) compared to gfp(RNAi) glp-1(bn18) (Fig. 1A). Moreover, the brood size of enpl-1(RNAi) glp-1(bn18) was not statistically different from enpl-1(RNAi) N2. Because GLP-1/Notch signaling is also required for embryonic development (Maduro 2010), we evaluated embryonic viability in enpl-1(RNAi). Embryonic lethality was significantly higher in glp-1(bn18) mutants than in N2 for both gfp(RNAi) and enpl-1(RNAi), and the percent embryonic lethality was not statistically different in the two genetic backgrounds (Fig. 1B). That is, no interaction between glp-1(bn18) and enpl-1(RNAi) was seen with respect to embryonic lethality. Finally, enpl-1(RNAi) caused early larval arrest at approximately the L2 stage in both N2 and glp-1(bn18) based on larval size (Fig. 1C-G). This enpl-1(RNAi) larval arrest was not enhanced in glp-1(bn18) mutants compared to N2 (Fig. 1C). These results confirm that enpl-1 function was reduced in enpl-1(RNAi) and that the negative results seen for brood size and embryonic lethality were not due to ineffective knockdown. Furthermore, our data show that an RNAi hypersensitive strain is not needed to observe the enpl-1 larval arrest phenotype.
Taken together, our data do not reveal a substantial genetic interaction between enpl-1 and glp-1. We conclude that the ENPL-1 endoplasmic reticulum molecular chaperone plays little or no role in GLP-1/Notch signaling in either germline or embryonic development in C. elegans.
","references":[{"reference":"Billing O, Natarajan B, Mohammed A, Naredi P, Kao G. 2012. A directed RNAi screen based on larval growth arrest reveals new modifiers of C. elegans insulin signaling. PLoS One 7(4): e34507.
","pubmedId":"22511947","doi":""},{"reference":"Deskin B, Lasky J, Zhuang Y, Shan B. 2016. Requirement of HDAC6 for activation of Notch1 by TGF-β1. Sci Rep 6: 31086.
","pubmedId":"27499032","doi":""},{"reference":"Hubbard EJA, Schedl T. 2019. Biology of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline Stem Cell System. Genetics 213(4): 1145-1188.
","pubmedId":"31796552","doi":""},{"reference":"Kamath RS, Fraser AG, Dong Y, Poulin G, Durbin R, Gotta M, et al., Ahringer J. 2003. Systematic functional analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans genome using RNAi. Nature 421(6920): 231-7.
","pubmedId":"12529635","doi":""},{"reference":"Kodoyianni V, Maine EM, Kimble J. 1992. Molecular basis of loss-of-function mutations in the glp-1 gene of Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Biol Cell 3(11): 1199-213.
","pubmedId":"1457827","doi":""},{"reference":"Lissemore JL, Connors E, Liu Y, Qiao L, Yang B, Edgley ML, et al., Maine EM. 2018. The Molecular Chaperone HSP90 Promotes Notch Signaling in the Germline of Caenorhabditis elegans. G3 (Bethesda) 8(5): 1535-1544.
","pubmedId":"29507057","doi":""},{"reference":"Maduro MF. 2010. Cell fate specification in the C. elegans embryo. Dev Dyn 239(5): 1315-29.
","pubmedId":"20108317","doi":""},{"reference":"Podraza-Farhanieh A, Natarajan B, Raj D, Kao G, Naredi P. 2020. ENPL-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of GRP94, promotes insulin secretion via regulation of proinsulin processing and maturation. Development 147(20): 10.1242/dev.190082.
","pubmedId":"33037039","doi":""},{"reference":"Qiao L, Lissemore JL, Shu P, Smardon A, Gelber MB, Maine EM. 1995. Enhancers of glp-1, a gene required for cell-signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans, define a set of genes required for germline development. Genetics 141(2): 551-69.
","pubmedId":"8647392","doi":""},{"reference":"Timmons L, Court DL, Fire A. 2001. Ingestion of bacterially expressed dsRNAs can produce specific and potent genetic interference in Caenorhabditis elegans. Gene 263(1-2): 103-12.
","pubmedId":"11223248","doi":""},{"reference":"Wang Z, Hu Y, Xiao D, Wang J, Liu C, Xu Y, et al., Qing G. 2017. Stabilization of Notch1 by the Hsp90 Chaperone Is Crucial for T-Cell Leukemogenesis. Clin Cancer Res 23(14): 3834-3846.
","pubmedId":"28143869","doi":""},{"reference":"Zhou B, Lin W, Long Y, Yang Y, Zhang H, Wu K, Chu Q. 2022. Notch signaling pathway: architecture, disease, and therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 7(1): 95.
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