Mechanical vibration induces cytoskeletal remodeling, which may influence organelle-associated gene expression. Because Golgi structure depends on cytoskeletal interactions, we tested whether vibration alters expression of GOLGA2, a gene encoding the Golgi matrix protein GM130. Using qRT-PCR, we found that HeLa cells exposed to vibration showed reduced GOLGA2 expression relative to no vibration controls. In contrast, expression of LMNA, a gene associated with nuclear structure, was not significantly changed. These findings show that vibration reduces expression of the Golgi-associated gene GOLGA2, indicating a selective response relative to LMNA.
","acknowledgements":"We want to thank the Grand View University Biology Department and The Roy J. Carver Charitable Trust for providing funds to purchase the QuantStudio qPCR equipment and consumables used in this research.
We also want to thank the CBEC Path to Publication Review Committee for initial review and critiques.
","authors":[{"affiliations":["Grand View University, Des Moines, IA, United States"],"departments":["Biology"],"credit":["writing_originalDraft","investigation","dataCuration","conceptualization"],"email":"jonathan.featherston@grandview.edu","firstName":"Jonathan","lastName":" Featherston","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0009-0009-1808-5157"},{"affiliations":["Grand View University, Des Moines, IA, United States"],"departments":["Biology"],"credit":["project","writing_reviewEditing","supervision","resources","conceptualization"],"email":"alagier@grandview.edu","firstName":"Adriana J","lastName":"LaGier","submittingAuthor":true,"correspondingAuthor":true,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0000-0002-6135-1424"}],"awards":[],"conflictsOfInterest":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.
","dataTable":{"url":null},"extendedData":[],"funding":"This research received no specific grant from any funding agency.
","image":{"url":"https://portal.micropublication.org/uploads/668774055618935113b1be4080636285.png"},"imageCaption":"(A) HeLa epithelial cells were exposed to 15 minutes of ~12 mm/sec vibration (Vibration, striped bar) or no vibration (control, black bar). Relative GOLGA2 expression was determined by qRT-PCR using the ΔΔCt method, normalized to GAPDH and relative to no vibration (control). Data shown is the mean ± SEM from three independent cell cultures (N=3). * p < 0.05 no vibration vs vibration using a two-tailed t-test. Vibration led to a decrease in GOLGA2 expression. (B) Relative LMNA expression was assessed from three independent cell cultures (N=3), shown as mean ± SEM. Vibration did not significantly (n.s.) change the expression of LMNA. This selective response of a Golgi-associated gene, but not a marker of nuclear architecture, is consistent with the possibility that vibration preferentially affects Golgi-associated gene expression.
","imageTitle":"Vibration reduces mRNA expression of a Golgi-associated gene, GOLGA2, but not a nucleus-associated gene, LMNA
","methods":"Cell culture and vibration treatment
HeLa epithelial cells were seeded into C60 plates on three separate occasions (N=3) and grown to 90% confluency. At this point, HeLa epithelial cells were subjected to mechanical vibration at 12.09 ± 1.69 mm/s vibration for 15 minutes using an analog vortex mixer (V4 condition). Control cells were not vibrated (V0 condition).
RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis
Total RNA was extracted using the SurePrep™ TrueTotal™ RNA Purification Kit (Fisher Scientific) following manufacturer instructions. RNA concentration was measured using a NanoDrop Lite spectrophotometer. Samples were normalized and reverse transcribed using a High-Capacity RNA-to-cDNA kit.
qRT-PCR
qRT-PCR was performed using TaqMan® Fast Advanced Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) on a QuantStudio 5 system. Probes targeting GOLGA2, LMNA, and GAPDH were used. For each gene, qRT-PCR analysis was performed in technical triplicates for each of the three independent cell culture experiments. Technical triplicates were averaged before analysis. No template controls and RT(-) controls showed no amplification.
Data analysis
qRT-PCR data was normalized to GAPDH and expressed relative to no vibration control using the 2^-ΔΔCt method. Excel was used to run unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test.
","reagents":"HeLa epithelial cells (RRID: CVCL_0030)
SurePrep™ TrueTotal™ RNA Purification Kit (Fisher Scientific)
High-Capacity RNA-to-cDNA Kit
TaqMan® Fast Advanced Master Mix (Applied Biosystems)
TaqMan probes: GOLGA2, LMNA, GAPDH
QuantStudio 5 Real-Time PCR System
","patternDescription":"Vibration is used for medical care, including migraine treatment and neurological disorders (Juto, 2015; Ebersbach, 2008). At the cellular level, vibration has been shown to alter cytoskeletal organization and increase calpain activity, leading to actin remodeling (LaGier et al., 2022). Mechanical cues can regulate gene expression through mechanotransduction pathways (Dupont et al., 2011). Because the Golgi apparatus depends on cytoskeletal interactions for structural integrity, these changes may impact Golgi-associated proteins (Ravichandran et al., 2020; Kulkarni-Gosavi et al., 2019).
To test whether vibration affects expression of a Golgi-associated gene, we measured expression of GOLGA2 that encodes the Golgi matrix protein GM130. Also called Golgin Subfamily Member 2, GM130 assists in vesicle docking and cis-Golgi stacking.
HeLa cells were exposed to vibration (~12 mm/s, 15 minutes) or left untreated on a vibration-free table. RNA was extracted, converted to cDNA, and analyzed by qRT-PCR using GAPDH as a normalization control.
We observed reduced GOLGA2 expression in vibrated cells relative to no vibration controls. We next determined whether this effect reflected a general disruption of cellular structures by measuring expression of LMNA, a gene associated with nuclear structure. LMNA expression did not significantly differ between vibrated and no vibration control cells
These results indicate that vibration reduces expression of a Golgi-associated gene while not affecting LMNA, under acute (15 minute) conditions of this experiment.
","references":[{"reference":"
Dupont S, Morsut L, Aragona M, Enzo E, Giulitti S, Cordenonsi M, et al., Piccolo. 2011. Role of YAP/TAZ in mechanotransduction. Nature 474: 179-183.
","pubmedId":"","doi":" 10.1038/nature10137"},{"reference":"Ebersbach G, Edler D, Kaufhold O, Wissel J. 2008. Whole Body Vibration Versus Conventional Physiotherapy to Improve Balance and Gait in Parkinson’s Disease. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 89: 399-403.
","pubmedId":"","doi":" 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.09.031"},{"reference":"Juto JE, Hallin RG. 2014. Kinetic Oscillation Stimulation as Treatment of Acute Migraine: A Randomized, Controlled Pilot Study. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 55: 117-127.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1111/head.12485"},{"reference":"Kulkarni‐Gosavi P, Makhoul C, Gleeson PA. 2019. Form and function of the Golgi apparatus: scaffolds, cytoskeleton and signalling. FEBS Letters 593: 2289-2305.
","pubmedId":"","doi":" 10.1002/1873-3468.13567"},{"reference":"LaGier AJ, Elbe A, Thamke A, Anderson P. 2022. Vibration, a treatment for migraine, linked to calpain driven changes in actin cytoskeleton. PLOS ONE 17: e0262058.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0262058"},{"reference":"Ravichandran Y, Goud B, Manneville JB. 2020. The Golgi apparatus and cell polarity: Roles of the cytoskeleton, the Golgi matrix, and Golgi membranes. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 62: 104-113.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ceb.2019.10.003"}],"title":"Vibration reduces expression of the Golgi-associated gene GOLGA2 in HeLa cells
","reviews":[{"reviewer":{"displayName":"Eric Rubenstein"},"openAcknowledgement":false,"status":{"submitted":true}}],"curatorReviews":[]},{"id":"26655ceb-060e-4f58-a69f-1d0faad3f7d1","decision":"revise","abstract":"Mechanical vibration induces cytoskeletal remodeling, which may influence organelle-associated gene expression. Because Golgi structure depends on cytoskeletal interactions, we tested whether vibration alters mRNA levels of GOLGA2, a gene encoding the Golgi matrix protein GM130. Using qRT-PCR, we found that HeLa cells exposed to vibration showed reduced GOLGA2 transcript abundance relative to no vibration controls. In contrast, transcript levels of LMNA, a gene associated with nuclear structure, were not significantly changed. These findings show that vibration reduces mRNA abundance of the Golgi-associated gene GOLGA2, indicating a selective response relative to LMNA.
","acknowledgements":"We want to thank the Grand View University Biology Department and The Roy J. Carver Charitable Trust for providing funds to purchase the QuantStudio qPCR equipment and consumables used in this research.
For initial review and critiques, we want to thank the Cell Biology Education Consortium (CBEC): Path to Publication (Award ID #2316122) through the National Science Foundation (NSF).
","authors":[{"affiliations":["Grand View University, Des Moines, IA, United States"],"departments":["Biology"],"credit":["writing_originalDraft","investigation","dataCuration","conceptualization"],"email":"jonathan.featherston@grandview.edu","firstName":"Jonathan","lastName":" Featherston","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0009-0009-1808-5157"},{"affiliations":["Grand View University, Des Moines, IA, United States"],"departments":["Biology"],"credit":["project","writing_reviewEditing","supervision","resources","conceptualization"],"email":"alagier@grandview.edu","firstName":"Adriana J","lastName":"LaGier","submittingAuthor":true,"correspondingAuthor":true,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0000-0002-6135-1424"}],"awards":[],"conflictsOfInterest":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.
","dataTable":{"url":null},"extendedData":[],"funding":"Supported by U.S. National Science Foundation (United States) 2316122 to Nathan Reyna, Lori Hensley and Kristen Johnson.
","image":{"url":"https://portal.micropublication.org/uploads/668774055618935113b1be4080636285.png"},"imageCaption":"(A) HeLa epithelial cells were exposed to 15 minutes of ~12 mm/sec vibration (Vibration, striped bar) or no vibration (control, black bar). Relative GOLGA2 expression was determined by qRT-PCR using the ΔΔCt method, normalized to GAPDH and relative to no vibration (control). Data shown is the mean ± SEM from three independent cell cultures (N=3). * p < 0.05 no vibration vs vibration using a two-tailed t-test. Vibration led to a decrease in GOLGA2 expression. (B) Relative LMNA expression was assessed from three independent cell cultures (N=3), shown as mean ± SEM. Vibration did not significantly (n.s.) change the expression of LMNA.
","imageTitle":"Vibration reduces mRNA transcript abundance of a Golgi-associated gene, GOLGA2, but not a nucleus-associated gene, LMNA
","methods":"Cell culture and vibration treatment
HeLa epithelial cells were seeded into C60 plates on three separate occasions (N=3) and grown to 90% confluency at 37°C in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator. At this point, HeLa epithelial cells were subjected to mechanical vibration at 12.09 ± 1.69 mm/s vibration for 15 minutes using an analog vortex mixer (V4 condition) at room temperature 20-22°C. Control cells were not vibrated (V0 condition) under identical ambient room temperature condition for 15 minutes.
RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis
Total RNA was extracted using the SurePrep™ TrueTotal™ RNA Purification Kit (Fisher Scientific) following manufacturer instructions. RNA concentration was measured using a NanoDrop Lite spectrophotometer. Samples were normalized and reverse transcribed using a High-Capacity RNA-to-cDNA kit.
qRT-PCR
qRT-PCR was performed using TaqMan® Fast Advanced Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) on a QuantStudio 5 system. Commercial TaqMan® Gene-Expression Assays (ThermoFisher Scientific) were used for GOLGA2 (Assay ID: Hs01067735_g1), LMNA (Assay ID: Hs00153462_m1) , and GAPDH (Assay ID: Hs0392907_g1) were used. For each gene, qRT-PCR analysis was performed in technical triplicates for each of the three independent cell culture experiments. Technical triplicates were averaged before analysis. No template controls and RT(-) controls showed no amplification.
Data analysis
qRT-PCR data was normalized to GAPDH and expressed relative to no vibration control using the 2^-ΔΔCt method. Excel was used to run unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test.
","reagents":"HeLa epithelial cells (RRID: CVCL_0030)
SurePrep™ TrueTotal™ RNA Purification Kit (Fisher Scientific)
High-Capacity RNA-to-cDNA Kit
TaqMan® Fast Advanced Master Mix (Applied Biosystems)
TaqMan probes: GOLGA2 (Assay ID: Hs01067735_g1), LMNA (Assay ID: Hs00153462_m1) and GAPDH (Assay ID: Hs0392907_g1)
QuantStudio 5 Real-Time PCR System
","patternDescription":"Vibration is used for medical care, including migraine treatment and neurological disorders (Juto, 2015; Ebersbach, 2008). At the cellular level, vibration has been shown to alter cytoskeletal organization and increase calpain activity, leading to actin remodeling (LaGier et al., 2022). Mechanical cues can regulate gene expression through mechanotransduction pathways (Dupont et al., 2011). Because the Golgi apparatus depends on cytoskeletal interactions for structural integrity, these changes may impact Golgi-associated proteins (Ravichandran et al., 2020; Kulkarni-Gosavi et al., 2019).
To test whether vibration affects expression of a Golgi-associated gene, we measured transcript levels of GOLGA2 that encodes the Golgi matrix protein GM130. Also called Golgin Subfamily Member 2, GM130 assists in vesicle docking and cis-Golgi stacking.
HeLa cells were exposed to vibration (~12 mm/s, 15 minutes) or left untreated on a vibration-free table. RNA was extracted, converted to cDNA, and analyzed by qRT-PCR using GAPDH as a normalization control.
We observed reduced GOLGA2 mRNA abundance in vibrated cells relative to no vibration controls. We next determined whether this effect reflected a general disruption of cellular structures by measuring expression of LMNA, a gene associated with nuclear structure. LMNA transcript levels did not significantly differ between vibrated and no vibration control cells.
These results indicate that acute (15 minute) vibration reduces expression of a Golgi-associated gene without affecting LMNA, consistent with the possibility that vibration preferentially affects Golgi-associated transcript levels over nuclear markers.
Mechanical agitation by vortexing generates vibration by moving fluid parallel to the cells, but it can also introduce heat, which can trigger changes in transcription levels, such as heat shock genes. Therefore, we cannot rule out that localized temperature elevations somehow contributed to altered GOLGA2 levels. To isolate mechanical forces from heat in future studies, temperature monitoring, perhaps with micro-thermocouples, should be performed.
Mechanistically, acute mechanical vibration induces rapid cytoskeletal remodeling, including calpain-driven changes in the actin network (LaGier et al., 2022). Because physical tension along actin microfilaments directly bridges the plasma membrane to the nucleoskeleton, mechanically induced actin remodeling can alter chromatin architecture and local promoter accessibility (Dupont et al., 2011; Ravichandran et al., 2020). Although both GOLGA2 (9q34.11) and LMNA (1q22) reside within gene-rich, euchromatic regions, the targeted downregulation of the 9q34.11 locus suggests a vibration specific transcriptional or architectural response. We hypothesize that mechanical vibration selectively alters local chromatin accessibility, potentially inducing a state of facultative heterochromatin or driving repressor recruitment specifically to the 9q34.11 promoter, while leaving the 1q22 locus insulated and transcriptionally unaffected.
At the cellular level, an acute reduction in GOLGA2 transcripts may transiently impact Golgi ribbon maintenance or vesicle trafficking dynamics as a cellular response to mechanical stress. At the organismal level, understanding locus-specific transcriptional responses to mechanical force gives insight into how clinical vibration selectively modulate cellular function (Ebersbach et al., 2008; Juto & Hallin, 2015).
","references":[{"reference":"Dupont S, Morsut L, Aragona M, Enzo E, Giulitti S, Cordenonsi M, et al., Piccolo. 2011. Role of YAP/TAZ in mechanotransduction. Nature 474: 179-183.
","pubmedId":"","doi":" 10.1038/nature10137"},{"reference":"Ebersbach G, Edler D, Kaufhold O, Wissel J. 2008. Whole Body Vibration Versus Conventional Physiotherapy to Improve Balance and Gait in Parkinson’s Disease. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 89: 399-403.
","pubmedId":"","doi":" 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.09.031"},{"reference":"Juto JE, Hallin RG. 2014. Kinetic Oscillation Stimulation as Treatment of Acute Migraine: A Randomized, Controlled Pilot Study. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 55: 117-127.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1111/head.12485"},{"reference":"Kulkarni‐Gosavi P, Makhoul C, Gleeson PA. 2019. Form and function of the Golgi apparatus: scaffolds, cytoskeleton and signalling. FEBS Letters 593: 2289-2305.
","pubmedId":"","doi":" 10.1002/1873-3468.13567"},{"reference":"LaGier AJ, Elbe A, Thamke A, Anderson P. 2022. Vibration, a treatment for migraine, linked to calpain driven changes in actin cytoskeleton. PLOS ONE 17: e0262058.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0262058"},{"reference":"Ravichandran Y, Goud B, Manneville JB. 2020. The Golgi apparatus and cell polarity: Roles of the cytoskeleton, the Golgi matrix, and Golgi membranes. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 62: 104-113.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ceb.2019.10.003"}],"title":"Vibration reduces transcript levels of the Golgi-associated gene GOLGA2 in HeLa cells
","reviews":[],"curatorReviews":[]},{"id":"877e57e7-ff6b-475d-b6e7-c6c276f99461","decision":"accept","abstract":"Mechanical vibration induces cytoskeletal remodeling, which may influence organelle-associated gene expression. Because Golgi structure depends on cytoskeletal interactions, we tested whether vibration alters mRNA levels of GOLGA2, a gene encoding the Golgi matrix protein GM130. Using qRT-PCR, we found that HeLa cells exposed to vibration showed reduced GOLGA2 transcript abundance relative to no vibration controls. In contrast, transcript levels of LMNA, a gene associated with nuclear structure, were not significantly changed. These findings show that vibration reduces mRNA abundance of the Golgi-associated gene GOLGA2, indicating a selective response relative to LMNA.
","acknowledgements":"We want to thank the Grand View University Biology Department and The Roy J. Carver Charitable Trust for providing funds to purchase the QuantStudio qPCR equipment and consumables used in this research.
For initial review and critiques, we want to thank the Cell Biology Education Consortium (CBEC): Path to Publication (Award ID #2316122) through the National Science Foundation (NSF).
","authors":[{"affiliations":["Grand View University, Des Moines, IA, United States"],"departments":["Biology"],"credit":["writing_originalDraft","investigation","dataCuration","conceptualization"],"email":"jonathan.featherston@grandview.edu","firstName":"Jonathan","lastName":" Featherston","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0009-0009-1808-5157"},{"affiliations":["Grand View University, Des Moines, IA, United States"],"departments":["Biology"],"credit":["project","writing_reviewEditing","supervision","resources","conceptualization"],"email":"alagier@grandview.edu","firstName":"Adriana J","lastName":"LaGier","submittingAuthor":true,"correspondingAuthor":true,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0000-0002-6135-1424"}],"awards":[],"conflictsOfInterest":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.
","dataTable":{"url":null},"extendedData":[],"funding":"Supported by U.S. National Science Foundation (United States) 2316122 to Nathan Reyna, Lori Hensley and Kristen Johnson.
","image":{"url":"https://portal.micropublication.org/uploads/668774055618935113b1be4080636285.png"},"imageCaption":"(A) HeLa epithelial cells were exposed to 15 minutes of ~12 mm/sec vibration (Vibration, striped bar) or no vibration (control, black bar). Relative GOLGA2 expression was determined by qRT-PCR using the ΔΔCt method, normalized to GAPDH and relative to no vibration (control). Data shown is the mean ± SEM from three independent cell cultures (N=3). * p < 0.05 no vibration vs vibration using a two-tailed t-test. Vibration led to a decrease in GOLGA2 expression. (B) Relative LMNA expression was assessed from three independent cell cultures (N=3), shown as mean ± SEM. Vibration did not significantly (n.s.) change the expression of LMNA.
","imageTitle":"Vibration reduces mRNA transcript abundance of a Golgi-associated gene, GOLGA2, but not a nucleus-associated gene, LMNA
","methods":"Cell culture and vibration treatment
HeLa epithelial cells were seeded into C60 plates on three separate occasions (N=3) and grown to 90% confluency at 37°C in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator. At this point, HeLa epithelial cells were subjected to mechanical vibration at 12.09 ± 1.69 mm/s vibration for 15 minutes using an analog vortex mixer (V4 condition) at room temperature 20-22°C. Control cells were not vibrated (V0 condition) under identical ambient room temperature condition for 15 minutes.
RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis
Total RNA was extracted using the SurePrep™ TrueTotal™ RNA Purification Kit (Fisher Scientific) following manufacturer instructions. RNA concentration was measured using a NanoDrop Lite spectrophotometer. Samples were normalized and reverse transcribed using a High-Capacity RNA-to-cDNA kit.
qRT-PCR
qRT-PCR was performed using TaqMan® Fast Advanced Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) on a QuantStudio 5 system. Commercial TaqMan® Gene-Expression Assays (ThermoFisher Scientific) were used for GOLGA2 (Assay ID: Hs01067735_g1), LMNA (Assay ID: Hs00153462_m1) , and GAPDH (Assay ID: Hs0392907_g1) were used. For each gene, qRT-PCR analysis was performed in technical triplicates for each of the three independent cell culture experiments. Technical triplicates were averaged before analysis. No template controls and RT(-) controls showed no amplification.
Data analysis
qRT-PCR data was normalized to GAPDH and expressed relative to no vibration control using the 2^-ΔΔCt method. Excel was used to run unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test.
","reagents":"HeLa epithelial cells (RRID: CVCL_0030)
SurePrep™ TrueTotal™ RNA Purification Kit (Fisher Scientific)
High-Capacity RNA-to-cDNA Kit
TaqMan® Fast Advanced Master Mix (Applied Biosystems)
TaqMan probes: GOLGA2 (Assay ID: Hs01067735_g1), LMNA (Assay ID: Hs00153462_m1) and GAPDH (Assay ID: Hs0392907_g1)
QuantStudio 5 Real-Time PCR System
","patternDescription":"Vibration is used for medical care, including migraine treatment and neurological disorders (Juto, 2015; Ebersbach, 2008). At the cellular level, vibration has been shown to alter cytoskeletal organization and increase calpain activity, leading to actin remodeling (LaGier et al., 2022). Mechanical cues can regulate gene expression through mechanotransduction pathways (Dupont et al., 2011). Because the Golgi apparatus depends on cytoskeletal interactions for structural integrity, these changes may impact Golgi-associated proteins (Ravichandran et al., 2020; Kulkarni-Gosavi et al., 2019).
To test whether vibration affects expression of a Golgi-associated gene, we measured transcript levels of GOLGA2 that encodes the Golgi matrix protein GM130. Also called Golgin Subfamily Member 2, GM130 assists in vesicle docking and cis-Golgi stacking.
HeLa cells were exposed to vibration (~12 mm/s, 15 minutes) or left untreated on a vibration-free table. RNA was extracted, converted to cDNA, and analyzed by qRT-PCR using GAPDH as a normalization control.
We observed reduced GOLGA2 mRNA abundance in vibrated cells relative to no vibration controls. We next determined whether this effect reflected a general disruption of cellular structures by measuring expression of LMNA, a gene associated with nuclear structure. LMNA transcript levels did not significantly differ between vibrated and no vibration control cells.
These results indicate that acute (15 minute) vibration reduces expression of a Golgi-associated gene without affecting LMNA, consistent with the possibility that vibration preferentially affects Golgi-associated transcript levels over nuclear markers.
Mechanical agitation by vortexing generates vibration by moving fluid parallel to the cells, but it can also introduce heat, which can trigger changes in transcription levels, such as heat shock genes. Therefore, we cannot rule out that localized temperature elevations somehow contributed to altered GOLGA2 levels. To isolate mechanical forces from heat in future studies, temperature monitoring, perhaps with micro-thermocouples, should be performed.
Mechanistically, acute mechanical vibration induces rapid cytoskeletal rearrangement, including calpain-mediated actin cleavage (LaGier et al., 2022). Because Golgi structural integrity relies heavily on intact actin microfilaments and their motors, acute disruption of actin networks may trigger targeted feedback signaling to downregulate key matrix components such as GM130 (GOLGA2). Alternatively, over short timeframes, vibration could indirectly alter transcription by modulating stress-response pathways or changing the cytosolic availability and nuclear localization of mechanosensitive transcription factors (e.g., YAP/TAZ), selectively abrogating Golgi-maintenance genes while sparing nuclear envelope loci, like LMNA. At the genomic level, such forces may alter local chromatin accessibility, inducing facultative heterochromatin or repressor recruitment, specifically at the 9q34.11 promoter (GOLGA2) while leaving the 1q22 locus (LMNA) insulated and transcriptionally unaffected.
At the cellular level, downregulating GOLGA2 transcripts could temporarily loosen Golgi ribbon structure or alter vesicle trafficking dynamics, serving as an adaptive stress response to safeguard the cell against vibration. At the organismal level, understanding these organelle- and locus-specific responses to mechanical force provides insight into the mechanisms underlying therapeutic vibration treatments, such as those used in neurological conditions and migraine management (Ebersbach et al., 2008; Juto & Hallin, 2015), by highlighting how physical forces selectively modulate cellular function and organelle protein quality control.
","references":[{"reference":"
Dupont S, Morsut L, Aragona M, Enzo E, Giulitti S, Cordenonsi M, et al., Piccolo. 2011. Role of YAP/TAZ in mechanotransduction. Nature 474: 179-183.
","pubmedId":"","doi":" 10.1038/nature10137"},{"reference":"Ebersbach G, Edler D, Kaufhold O, Wissel J. 2008. Whole Body Vibration Versus Conventional Physiotherapy to Improve Balance and Gait in Parkinson’s Disease. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 89: 399-403.
","pubmedId":"","doi":" 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.09.031"},{"reference":"Juto JE, Hallin RG. 2014. Kinetic Oscillation Stimulation as Treatment of Acute Migraine: A Randomized, Controlled Pilot Study. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 55: 117-127.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1111/head.12485"},{"reference":"Kulkarni‐Gosavi P, Makhoul C, Gleeson PA. 2019. Form and function of the Golgi apparatus: scaffolds, cytoskeleton and signalling. FEBS Letters 593: 2289-2305.
","pubmedId":"","doi":" 10.1002/1873-3468.13567"},{"reference":"LaGier AJ, Elbe A, Thamke A, Anderson P. 2022. Vibration, a treatment for migraine, linked to calpain driven changes in actin cytoskeleton. PLOS ONE 17: e0262058.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0262058"},{"reference":"Ravichandran Y, Goud B, Manneville JB. 2020. The Golgi apparatus and cell polarity: Roles of the cytoskeleton, the Golgi matrix, and Golgi membranes. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 62: 104-113.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ceb.2019.10.003"}],"title":"Vibration reduces transcript levels of the Golgi-associated gene GOLGA2 in HeLa cells
","reviews":[],"curatorReviews":[]},{"id":"f1aa7fa7-4e3c-4180-8fee-e0e4b66c3cf9","decision":"publish","abstract":"Mechanical vibration induces cytoskeletal remodeling, which may influence organelle-associated gene expression. Because Golgi structure depends on cytoskeletal interactions, we tested whether vibration alters mRNA levels of GOLGA2, a gene encoding the Golgi matrix protein GM130. Using qRT-PCR, we found that HeLa cells exposed to vibration showed reduced GOLGA2 transcript abundance relative to no vibration controls. In contrast, transcript levels of LMNA, a gene associated with nuclear structure, were not significantly changed. These findings show that vibration reduces mRNA abundance of the Golgi-associated gene GOLGA2, indicating a selective response relative to LMNA.
","acknowledgements":"We want to thank the Grand View University Biology Department and The Roy J. Carver Charitable Trust for providing funds to purchase the QuantStudio qPCR equipment and consumables used in this research.
For initial review and critiques, we want to thank the Cell Biology Education Consortium (CBEC): Path to Publication (Award ID #2316122) through the National Science Foundation (NSF).
","authors":[{"affiliations":["Grand View University, Des Moines, IA, United States"],"departments":["Biology"],"credit":["writing_originalDraft","investigation","dataCuration","conceptualization"],"email":"jonathan.featherston@grandview.edu","firstName":"Jonathan","lastName":" Featherston","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0009-0009-1808-5157"},{"affiliations":["Grand View University, Des Moines, IA, United States"],"departments":["Biology"],"credit":["project","writing_reviewEditing","supervision","resources","conceptualization"],"email":"alagier@grandview.edu","firstName":"Adriana J","lastName":"LaGier","submittingAuthor":true,"correspondingAuthor":true,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0000-0002-6135-1424"}],"awards":[],"conflictsOfInterest":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.
","dataTable":{"url":null},"extendedData":[],"funding":"Supported by U.S. National Science Foundation (United States) 2316122 to Nathan Reyna, Lori Hensley and Kristen Johnson.
","image":{"url":"https://portal.micropublication.org/uploads/668774055618935113b1be4080636285.png"},"imageCaption":"(A) HeLa epithelial cells were exposed to 15 minutes of ~12 mm/sec vibration (Vibration, striped bar) or no vibration (control, black bar). Relative GOLGA2 expression was determined by qRT-PCR using the ΔΔCt method, normalized to GAPDH and relative to no vibration (control). Data shown is the mean ± SEM from three independent cell cultures (N=3). * p < 0.05 no vibration vs vibration using a two-tailed t-test. Vibration led to a decrease in GOLGA2 expression. (B) Relative LMNA expression was assessed from three independent cell cultures (N=3), shown as mean ± SEM. Vibration did not significantly (n.s.) change the expression of LMNA.
","imageTitle":"Vibration reduces mRNA transcript abundance of a Golgi-associated gene, GOLGA2, but not a nucleus-associated gene, LMNA
","methods":"Cell culture and vibration treatment
HeLa epithelial cells were seeded into C60 plates on three separate occasions (N=3) and grown to 90% confluency at 37°C in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator. At this point, HeLa epithelial cells were subjected to mechanical vibration at 12.09 ± 1.69 mm/s vibration for 15 minutes using an analog vortex mixer (V4 condition) at room temperature 20-22°C. Control cells were not vibrated (V0 condition) under identical ambient room temperature condition for 15 minutes.
RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis
Total RNA was extracted using the SurePrep™ TrueTotal™ RNA Purification Kit (Fisher Scientific) following manufacturer instructions. RNA concentration was measured using a NanoDrop Lite spectrophotometer. Samples were normalized and reverse transcribed using a High-Capacity RNA-to-cDNA kit.
qRT-PCR
qRT-PCR was performed using TaqMan® Fast Advanced Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) on a QuantStudio 5 system. Commercial TaqMan® Gene-Expression Assays (ThermoFisher Scientific) were used for GOLGA2 (Assay ID: Hs01067735_g1), LMNA (Assay ID: Hs00153462_m1) , and GAPDH (Assay ID: Hs0392907_g1) were used. For each gene, qRT-PCR analysis was performed in technical triplicates for each of the three independent cell culture experiments. Technical triplicates were averaged before analysis. No template controls and RT(-) controls showed no amplification.
Data analysis
qRT-PCR data was normalized to GAPDH and expressed relative to no vibration control using the 2^-ΔΔCt method. Excel was used to run unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test.
","reagents":"HeLa epithelial cells (RRID: CVCL_0030)
SurePrep™ TrueTotal™ RNA Purification Kit (Fisher Scientific)
High-Capacity RNA-to-cDNA Kit
TaqMan® Fast Advanced Master Mix (Applied Biosystems)
TaqMan probes: GOLGA2 (Assay ID: Hs01067735_g1), LMNA (Assay ID: Hs00153462_m1) and GAPDH (Assay ID: Hs0392907_g1)
QuantStudio 5 Real-Time PCR System
","patternDescription":"Vibration is used for medical care, including migraine treatment and neurological disorders (Juto, 2015; Ebersbach, 2008). At the cellular level, vibration has been shown to alter cytoskeletal organization and increase calpain activity, leading to actin remodeling (LaGier et al., 2022). Mechanical cues can regulate gene expression through mechanotransduction pathways (Dupont et al., 2011). Because the Golgi apparatus depends on cytoskeletal interactions for structural integrity, these changes may impact Golgi-associated proteins (Ravichandran et al., 2020; Kulkarni-Gosavi et al., 2019).
To test whether vibration affects expression of a Golgi-associated gene, we measured transcript levels of GOLGA2 that encodes the Golgi matrix protein GM130. Also called Golgin Subfamily Member 2, GM130 assists in vesicle docking and cis-Golgi stacking.
HeLa cells were exposed to vibration (~12 mm/s, 15 minutes) or left untreated on a vibration-free table. RNA was extracted, converted to cDNA, and analyzed by qRT-PCR using GAPDH as a normalization control.
We observed reduced GOLGA2 mRNA abundance in vibrated cells relative to no vibration controls. We next determined whether this effect reflected a general disruption of cellular structures by measuring expression of LMNA, a gene associated with nuclear structure. LMNA transcript levels did not significantly differ between vibrated and no vibration control cells.
These results indicate that acute (15 minute) vibration reduces expression of a Golgi-associated gene without affecting LMNA, consistent with the possibility that vibration preferentially affects Golgi-associated transcript levels over nuclear markers.
Mechanical agitation by vortexing generates vibration by moving fluid parallel to the cells, but it can also introduce heat, which can trigger changes in transcription levels, such as heat shock genes. Therefore, we cannot rule out that localized temperature elevations somehow contributed to altered GOLGA2 levels. To isolate mechanical forces from heat in future studies, temperature monitoring, perhaps with micro-thermocouples, should be performed.
Mechanistically, acute mechanical vibration induces rapid cytoskeletal rearrangement, including calpain-mediated actin cleavage (LaGier et al., 2022). Because Golgi structural integrity relies heavily on intact actin microfilaments and their motors, acute disruption of actin networks may trigger targeted feedback signaling to downregulate key matrix components such as GM130 (GOLGA2). Alternatively, over short timeframes, vibration could indirectly alter transcription by modulating stress-response pathways or changing the cytosolic availability and nuclear localization of mechanosensitive transcription factors (e.g., YAP/TAZ), selectively abrogating Golgi-maintenance genes while sparing nuclear envelope loci, like LMNA. At the genomic level, such forces may alter local chromatin accessibility, inducing facultative heterochromatin or repressor recruitment, specifically at the 9q34.11 promoter (GOLGA2) while leaving the 1q22 locus (LMNA) insulated and transcriptionally unaffected.
At the cellular level, downregulating GOLGA2 transcripts could temporarily loosen Golgi ribbon structure or alter vesicle trafficking dynamics, serving as an adaptive stress response to safeguard the cell against vibration. At the organismal level, understanding these organelle- and locus-specific responses to mechanical force provides insight into the mechanisms underlying therapeutic vibration treatments, such as those used in neurological conditions and migraine management (Ebersbach et al., 2008; Juto & Hallin, 2015), by highlighting how physical forces selectively modulate cellular function and organelle protein quality control.
","references":[{"reference":"
Dupont S, Morsut L, Aragona M, Enzo E, Giulitti S, Cordenonsi M, et al., Piccolo. 2011. Role of YAP/TAZ in mechanotransduction. Nature 474: 179-183.
","pubmedId":"","doi":" 10.1038/nature10137"},{"reference":"Ebersbach G, Edler D, Kaufhold O, Wissel J. 2008. Whole Body Vibration Versus Conventional Physiotherapy to Improve Balance and Gait in Parkinson’s Disease. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 89: 399-403.
","pubmedId":"","doi":" 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.09.031"},{"reference":"Juto JE, Hallin RG. 2014. Kinetic Oscillation Stimulation as Treatment of Acute Migraine: A Randomized, Controlled Pilot Study. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 55: 117-127.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1111/head.12485"},{"reference":"Kulkarni‐Gosavi P, Makhoul C, Gleeson PA. 2019. Form and function of the Golgi apparatus: scaffolds, cytoskeleton and signalling. FEBS Letters 593: 2289-2305.
","pubmedId":"","doi":" 10.1002/1873-3468.13567"},{"reference":"LaGier AJ, Elbe A, Thamke A, Anderson P. 2022. Vibration, a treatment for migraine, linked to calpain driven changes in actin cytoskeleton. PLOS ONE 17: e0262058.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0262058"},{"reference":"Ravichandran Y, Goud B, Manneville JB. 2020. The Golgi apparatus and cell polarity: Roles of the cytoskeleton, the Golgi matrix, and Golgi membranes. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 62: 104-113.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ceb.2019.10.003"}],"title":"Vibration reduces transcript levels of the Golgi-associated gene GOLGA2 in HeLa cells
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