microPublication Biology 2578-9430 Caltech Library 10.17912/micropub.biology.002297 new finding gene model drosophila Gene model for the ortholog of Cyp6a14 in Drosophila cardini Moxley Stephen Data curation Formal analysis Investigation Writing - review & editing 1 Chialvo Pablo Investigation Formal analysis Writing - review & editing Validation 2 Scott Chialvo Clare Conceptualization Supervision Validation Writing - original draft 2 § Chemistry, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina USA Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina USA Page Shallee Correspondence to: Clare Scott Chialvo ( chialvoch@appstate.edu )

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.

 30 7 2026 2026 2026 10.17912/micropub.biology.002297 17 7 2026 27 7 2026 29 7 2026 Copyright: © 2026 by the authors 2026 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

We developed a gene model for the Cytochrome P450 6a14 ortholog ( Cyp6a14 ) in the ASM1890373v1 Genome Assembly (GenBank Accession: GCA_018903735.1 ) of Drosophila cardini . This ortholog was characterized as part of a developing dataset for a comparative study of detoxification gene family evolution in the immigrans - tripunctata radiation of the genus Drosophila using an adapted Genomics Education Partnership gene annotation protocol for Course-based Undergraduate Research Experiences.

This gene annotation project was funded by Nation Science Foundation grants DEB-1737869 (PI LKR, CoPI CSC) and DBI-2217912 (PI CSC). The Genomics Education Partnership (GEP; https://thegep.org/ ), which supports this project, is funded by the National Science Foundation (1915544; PI LKR) and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health (R25GM130517; PI LKR). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are solely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official views of the National Science Foundation nor the National Institutes of Health.

(A) Synteny comparison of the genomic neighborhoods for Cyp6a14 in Drosophila melanogaster and D. cardini . Thin underlying arrows indicate which DNA strand the target gene– Cyp6a14 –is located on in D. melanogaster (top) and D. cardini (bottom). The thin arrows pointing to the left indicate that Cyp6a14 is on the negative strand in both D. melanogaster and D. cardini . The wide gene arrows pointing in the same direction as Cyp6a14 are on the same strand relative to the thin underlying arrows, while wide gene arrows pointing in the opposite direction of Cyp6a14 are on the opposite strand relative to the thin underlying arrows. White gene arrows in D. cardini indicate orthology to the corresponding gene in D. melanogaster , gray arrows indicate that the gene is present in both genomic neighborhoods but not syntenic ( Cyp6a13 , mtt , Mal-A8 ), and black gene arrows indicate non-orthology. Gene symbols given in the D. cardini gene arrows indicate the orthologous gene in D. melanogaster , while the locus identifiers are specific to D. cardini . (B) Gene Model in GEP UCSC Track Data Hub (Raney et al., 2014). The coding-regions of Cyp6a14 in D. cardini are displayed in the User Supplied Track (red); coding sequences (CDS) are depicted by thick rectangles and introns by thin lines with arrows indicating the direction of transcription. Subsequent evidence tracks include Spaln of D. melanogaster Proteins (purple, alignment of Ref-Seq proteins from D. melanogaster ), Coding Regions Predicted by Augustus (dark blue), GeMoMa (teal), and NSCAN PASA-EST (dark green), GlimmerHMM (gray), and RNA-Seq from mixed sex adult flies (brown; alignment of Illumina RNA-Seq reads from D. cardini – Erlenbach et al. 2023). (C) Dot Plot of Cyp6a14-PE in D. melanogaster ( x -axis) vs. the orthologous peptide in D. cardini ( y -axis). Amino acid number is indicated along the left and bottom; CDS number is indicated along the top and right, and CDSs are also highlighted with alternating colors. Line breaks in the dot plot indicate areas of low sequence identity between species. At the beginning of CDS 1, there is an area of approximately 180 amino acids (dark purple box – a) that has four short areas of sequence similarity. There is also a short break at the end of this CDS (light blue box – b). In CDS 2, there are two short breaks. One is at the beginning of the CDS (dark green box – c). The other is at the end of the CDS (yellow box – d). (D) Idiosyncrasies in protein alignment. We noted four areas in the protein alignments that indicate low levels of sequence similarity. Two of these areas are found in CDS 1 and the others are in CDS 2. The first area in CDS 1 (dark purple box – a) extends over the first 180 amino acids, but only 18 of these amino acids are highly dissimilar. The second area in CDS 1 is a short break (light blue box – b) that spans 24 amino acids (21 of these are similar and only one is highly dissimilar. The short break at the beginning of CDS 2 (dark green box – c) covers 29 amino acids. Of these, only five of the amino acids are highly dissimilar and 21 are similar. The fourth break (yellow box – d) is towards the end of CDS 2 and spans 22 amino acids and only 2 of them are dissimilar.

Description

This article reports a predicted gene model generated by undergraduate work using a structured gene model annotation protocol defined by the Genomics Education Partnership (GEP; thegep.org) for Course-based Undergraduate Research Experience (CURE). The following information in quotes may be repeated in other articles submitted by participants using the same GEP CURE protocol for annotating Drosophila species orthologs of Drosophila melanogaster detoxification genes.

“ Within insects, the process of detoxifying xenobiotics and host secondary metabolites is a three-phase process that involves functionalization, conjugation, and excretion of these compounds. Expansions of known detoxification gene families ( e.g. , cytochrome P450s) is associated with diet breadth and insecticide resistance (Ranson et al., 2002; Després et al., 2007; Rane et al., 2016). With the increasing availability of high-quality genomes for non-model organisms, including Drosophila species beyond D. melanogaster , it is now possible to perform large scale comparative studies (Robinson et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2021; Threfall and Baxter 2021). Careful manual annotation and curation of gene models can improve upon computational gene predictions in non-model species, which aids the accuracy of studies on gene and genome evolution (Mudge and Harrow 2016; Tello-Ruiz et al., 2019). To aid in these annotations, the Genomics Education Partnership (thegep.org) developed a curriculum involving web-based tools that allow undergraduates to engage in authentic course-based research focused on manually annotating genes in non-model species (Rele et al., 2023). The orthologous gene models, including the one presented here, then provide a reliable basis for further evolutionary genomic analyses when made available to the scientific community. The gene ortholog described here in D. cardini for Cytochrome P450 6a14 ( Cyp6a14 ), a member of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases gene family, was characterized as part of a developing dataset for a comparative study of detoxification gene families in the immigrans - tripunctata radiation of the genus Drosophila .” (Williams et al., 2026)

“In the subgenus Drosophila , D. cardini Sturtevant 1916 is a member of the cardini subgroup in the cardini species group of the immigrans-tripunctata radiation (Heed & Krishnamurthy 1959; Bächli 2005). Species in the cardini subgroup are found in the mainland Neotropics, and the range of D. cardini extends from Florida to Brazil (Heed, 1962). Members of the cardini group primarily feed and develop on fruit and flowers (Markow & O'Grady 2008). However, D. cardini is also reported to feed on mushrooms and can tolerate the cyclopeptide toxin α-amanitin (Stump et al., 2011).” (Patel et al., 2026)

“Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) are a family of phase I detoxification enzymes that are found in almost all aerobic organisms and act by oxidizing compounds to make them more polar (Stegeman and Livingstone, 1998; Li et al., 2007). The enzymes in this family vary in both their substrate specificity and the range of metabolites that they produce (Rendic and Di Carlo 1997; Scott 1999). Furthermore, the substrate specificity of CYPs can be altered by a change in a single amino acid (Lindberg and Negishi, 1989).” (Patel et al., 2026)

Cytochrome P450 6a14 ( Cyp6a14 ) is a member of the CYP6 family that is restricted to insects (Tijet et al., 2001). It shows increased expression the larval midgut where it could contribute to the metabolism of xenobiotics (Chung et al., 2009; Harrop et al., 2014).

We propose a gene model for the D. cardini ortholog of the D. melanogaster Cytochrome P450 6a14 ( Cyp6a14 ) gene. The genomic region of the ortholog corresponds to the NSCAN PASA-EST gene prediction JAEIGM010000001.1664.1 in the ASM1890373v1 Genome Assembly of D. cardini ( GCA_018903735.1 – Kim et al., 2021). This model is based on mixed sex adult RNA-Seq data from D. cardini (Erlenbach et al. 2023; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.hdr7sqvq2) and Cyp6a14 in D. melanogaster using FlyBase release FB2024_02 ( GCA_000001215.4 ; Gramates et al., 2022; Jenkins et al., 2022; Larkin et al., 2021).

Synteny

The reference gene, Cyp6a14 , occurs on chromosome 2R in D. melanogaster and is flanked upstream by Cytochrome P450 6a13 ( Cyp6a13 ) and CG42326 and downstream by CG12780 , mangetout ( mtt ), and Maltase A8 ( Mal-A8 ). The tblastn search of D. melanogaster Cyp6a14-PE (query) against the D. cardini (GenBank Accession: GCA_018903735.1 Genome Assembly (ASM1890373v1)) placed the putative ortholog of Cyp6a14 within contig_2203 (JAEIGM010000001.1) which corresponds to the NSCAN PASA-EST gene prediction JAEIGM010000001.1664.1 (E-value: 0.0; percent identity: 65.42% as determined by blastp ). The putative ortholog is flanked upstream by the NSCAN PASA-EST gene predictions JAEIGM010000001.1665.1 and JAEIGM010000001.1666.1, which correspond to mtt and Mal-A8 in D. melanogaster (E-value: 0.0 and 0.0; identity: 76.68% and 80.03%, respectively, as determined by blastp ; Figure 1A ; Altschul et al., 1990). The putative ortholog of Cyp6a14 is flanked downstream by the NSCAN PASA-EST gene predictions JAEIGM010000001.1663.1 and JAEIGM010000001.1662.1, which correspond to Cyp6a13 and Cyp6a22 in D. melanogaster (E-value: 0.0 and 0.0; identity: 66.12% and 77.62%, respectively, as determined by blastp ). The putative ortholog assignment for Cyp6a14 in D. cardini is supported by the following evidence: The tblastn results are of good quality, and all coding sequences (CDS) and isoforms found in D. melanogaster also appear to be present in D. cardini . While the gene predictions surrounding the Cyp6a14 ortholog are not conserved, three of the genes ( Cyp6a13 , mtt , and Mal-A8 ) are found immediately upstream or downstream of Cyp6a14 in D. melanogaster . However, their orientation is reversed. The remaining gene prediction ( Cyp6a22 ) is not found in close proximity to Cyp6a14 in D. melanogaster but does occur on the same chromosome. These differences suggest the potential for a chromosomal inversion in this region. Inversions are common within the genus Drosophila and play an important role in speciation (Powell, 1997; Bhutkar et al., 2008; Reis et al., 2018). We conclude that the NSCAN PASA-EST gene prediction JAEIGM010000001.1664.1 represents an ortholog of Cyp6a14 in D. cardini ( Figure 1A ).

Protein Model

Cyp6a14 in D. cardini has two CDSs within the genome sequence. The only unique protein sequence is translated from two messenger RNA isoforms that differ in their untranslated regions (Cyp6a14-RE, Cyp6a14-PC; Figure 1B ). Relative to the ortholog in D. melanogaster , the CDS number and protein isoform count are conserved . The sequence of Cyp6a14-PE in D. cardini has 65.5% identity (81.2% similarity) with the protein-coding isoform Cyp6a14-PE in D. melanogaster , as determined by blastp ( Figure 1C ). This level of divergence is not surprising given that D. cardini and D. melanogaster belong to two separate subgenera ( Drosophila and Sophophora respectively) that diverged approximately 45-60 MYA (Russo et al., 1995; Tamura et al. 2004; Obbard et al., 2012) . Coordinates of this curated gene model are archived in the CaltechDATA repository (see “Extended Data” section below).

Methods

The annotation methods used in this project are adapted from those described in Rele et al. (2023), which includes algorithms, database versions, and citations for the complete annotation process developed for the Pathways Project. The methods for the current project are detailed in brief below with notes on significant differences between this protocol and the one described in Rele et al. (2023). The students use the GEP instance of the UCSC Genome Browser v.435 (https://gander.wustl.edu ; Kent WJ et al., 2002; Raney et al., 2024) to examine the genomic neighborhood of their reference detoxification gene in the D. melanogaster genome assembly (Aug. 2014; BDGP Release 6 + ISO1 MT/dm6). Students obtain the protein sequence for the D. melanogaster target gene for a given isoform and use a tblastn search of the sequence against their target Drosophila species genome assembly ( D. cardini ( GCA_018903735.1 – Kim et al., 2021)) on the NCBI BLAST server (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi, Altschul et al., 1990) to identify the putative ortholog location. Students compare the genomic neighborhood of the putative ortholog to that of the reference gene in D. melanogaster . This local synteny analysis includes a minimum of two upstream and downstream genes relative to the potential ortholog. As no RefSeq protein data is available for these species, comparisons are based on gene predictions that correlate with gene expression data in the putative ortholog neighborhood. Using the multiple alignment tracks feature in the Genome Browser, students examine other sets of genomic evidence, including Spaln alignment of D. melanogaster proteins, multiple gene prediction tracks (e.g., GeMoMa, Augustus, NSCAN PASA-EST), and mixed sex RNA-Seq adult expression data from the target species generated by Erlenbach et al. (2023; https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.hdr7sqvq2). Information on the genomic structure information (e.g., CDSs, intron-exon number, number of isoforms) for the reference gene in D. melanogaster is retrieved using Gene Record Finder (https://gander.wustl.edu/~wilson/dmelgenerecord/index.html; Rele et al ., 2023). To determine approximate splice sites within the target gene, a tblastn search using the CDSs from the D. melanogaste r reference gene against the putative ortholog location (10kb up- and downstream of the target gene prediction). Coordinates of the CDS(s) are refined by examining aligned RNA-Seq data, identifying canonical splice site sequences, and ensuring the maintenance of an open reading frame. Students confirm the biological validity of their target gene model using the FlySeq Gene Model Checker (https://gander2.wustl.edu/~wilson/genechecker-flyseq/), which compares the hypothesized target gene model's structure and translated sequence against the D. melanogaster reference gene. At least two independent models for this gene are generated. These models are reconciled by a third independent researcher to produce the final model presented here. Note: comparison of 5' and 3' UTR sequence information is not included in this GEP CURE protocol.

Extended Data

Description: Zipped archive containing FASTA, PEP, and GFF files for the Cyp6a14 model. Resource Type: Dataset. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22002/x7m67-q8235

We would like to thank Wilson Leung for developing and maintaining the technological infrastructure that was used to create this gene model and Laura K. Reed for overseeing the Genomics Education Partnership. Thank you to FlyBase for providing the definitive database for Drosophila melanogaster gene models.

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